• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Objectives : This study aims to analyze the public investment for Korean Medicine R&D to facilitate the future strategic planning. Methods : All government supported research projects for Korean Medicine that were invested in 2009, 2012, 2015 were searched in the NTIS (National Science & Technology Information Service) Database. Research budgets were analyzed by government departments, R&D agents, R&D steps, and research fields. CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) was derived from each Korean Medicine research field. Differences of research budgets among research fields were tested using Chi square analysis. Results : A total of 891 projects supported in 2009, 2012, and 2015 was analyzed. The amount of research budgets has increased, from 49,839 million won in 2009 to 106,536 million won in 2015 showing 13.5% of CAGR. Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, and Ministry of Health and Welfare were the biggest sponsors in Korean Medicine R&D. Chi square analysis showed that, in this period, there were statistically significant differences of research budgets in Korean Medicine technology equipment field and infrastructure field. Conclusions : To diversify the Korean Medicine R&D, unequal research funding among government departments should be relieved, and virtuous cycle of Industry-University-Institute Collaboration in Korean Medicine need to be built.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.127-136
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• 2018

This study was to identify factors influencing satisfaction on clinical practice of dental hygienist students located in G, J region. The data was analyzed by t-test, Anova, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression using SPSS 21.0 program. There were significant in satisfaction of score(F=2.925, p<.05), perceive heath status(F=8.108, p<.001), satisfaction on department(F=8.198, p<.001). The relationship on peers with score(r=.277, p=.01) and perceive health status correlations with relationships on peers(r=.327, p=.01), The satisfaction on clinical practice had positive correlations with score(r=.127, p=.05), perceive health status(r=.226, p=.01), relationship on peers(r=.240, p=.01). The factors influencing satisfaction on clinical practice were satisfaction of relationship on peers, satisfaction of department, perceive health status. The results suggest that development of program to improve satisfaction on clinical practice of dental hygiene students.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.53-58
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• 2012

Objective : Obesity is often defined as a condition associated with accumulations of excessive body fats which resulting from disorder of energy balance in term of energy intake and energy expenditure. Methods : The effects of natural mixture (T) for inhibition of lipid metabolism on the liver, epididymal fat pads and pancreatic zymogen granules of high fat diet (HFD) supplied rats were observed by histopathology and histomorphometry. Results : As results of HFD supply, severe steatohepatitis such as increases of mean diameters of hepatocytes and the percentages regions of fatty changes was detected. In addition, hypertrophy of adipocytes (increase of mean diameters of epididymal fat pads) was also detected with dramatic decreases of pancreatic zymogen granules at histopathological and histomorphometrical observations. However, theses steatohepatitis and hypertrophy of adipocytes induced by HFD supply were inhibited by treatment of 5 % and 10 % T (T5, T10), respectively. Well corresponded as the results of adipocyte hypertrophy and steatohepatitis, the decreases of pancreatic zymogen granules were also dose-dependently inhibited by T treatment as compared with HFD control, respectively. Conclusion : In conclusion, based on the results, it is considered that test materials, T5 and T10, will be showed hepatoprotective and anti-obese effects, may be directly and/or indirectly mediated by pancreatic zymogen granules because they dose-dependently inhibited steatohepatitis, hypertrophy of adipocytes and decreases of pancreatic zymogen granules induced by HFD supply, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.24-34
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating and mediating effects of resilience in the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction among nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs). Method : The participants were 144 ICU nurses from three university hospitals. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis, using SPSS 25.0. The mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction was analyzed by multiple regression analysis according to Baron and Kenny's procedure. Results : Statistically significant negative correlations were found between emotional labor and resilience (r=-.21, p<.014) and between emotional labor and job satisfaction (r=-.34, p<.001). A significant positive correlation was found between resilience and job satisfaction (r=.31 p<.001). A partial mediating effect by resilience was found between emotional labor and job satisfaction (Z=-2.11, p=.034), but no moderating effect was found. Conclusion : To improve the job satisfaction of ICU nurses, evaluation of their emotional labor, resilience, and interventions are necessary to alleviate emotional labor and improve resilience.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Follicular helper T ($T_{FH}$) cells are recently highlighted as their crucial role for humoral immunity to infection as well as their abnormal control to induce autoimmune disease. During an infection, na$\ddot{i}$ve T cells are differentiating into $T_{FH}$ cells which mediate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in germinal center (GC). $T_{FH}$ cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. Within the follicle, crosstalk occurs between B cells and $T_{FH}$ cells, leading to class switch recombination and affinity maturation. Various signaling molecules, including cytokines, surface molecules, and transcription factors are involved in $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. $T_{FH}$ cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. Recently, two types of microRNA (miRNA) were found to be involved in the regulation of $T_{FH}$ cells. The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. In addition, follicular regulatory T ($T_{FR}$) cells are studied as thymus-derived $CXCR5^+PD-1^+Foxp3^+\;T_{reg}$ cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. Regulation of $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation and the GC reaction via miRNA and $T_{FR}$ cells could be important regulatory mechanisms for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review recent studies on the various factors that affect $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, and the role of $T_{FH}$ cells in autoimmune diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.205-214
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to identify the impact of bad customer behavior, job burnout, and positive psychological capital, on the job embeddedness of nurses. Data was collected from July 1 to July 31, 2019 using a structured questionnaire, enrolling 198 nurses working at three general hospitals located in 2 metropolitan cities. Data were analyzed by applying t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe' test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression, using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Our results indicate that bad customer behavior significantly correlates with job burnout (r=0.24, p=<0.001), positive psychological capital (r=-0.37, p=<0.001), and job embeddedness (r=-0.48, p=<0.001). Moreover, job burnout had a positive impact on psychological capital (r=-0.44, p=<0.001) and job embeddedness (r=-0.31, p=<0.001), whereas positive psychological capital impacted job embeddedness (r=0.49, p=<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that bad customer behavior (β=-0.34, p<0.001), positive psychological capital (β=0.32, p=0.004), and position (β=-0.19, p=0.001) had maximum influence (38%) on the level of job embeddedness experienced by nurses. Taken together, results of this study indicate that in order to increase the level of job embeddedness of nurses, it is necessary to develop strategies that eradicate and manage bad customer behavior, and also develop programs that strengthen and develop positive psychological capital.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2016

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and melanogenic effects of black soybean ethanol extracts, including Rhynchosia nulubilis bean ethanol extract (RNBEE), R. nulubilis leaf ethanol extract (RNLEE), R. volubilis bean ethanol extract (RVBEE), and R. volubilis leaf ethanol extract (RVLEE). The total polyphenol contents of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE were 16.0, 57.7, 365.9, and 260.1 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE were 40.4, 91.7, 84.7, and 216.5 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating abilities of RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 32.4%, 12.7%, 83.5%, and 84.5%, respectively. RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased (p < 0.01) melanin contents by 30.4%, 32.1%, 35.5%, and 37.4%, respectively, compared to that of the control. RNBEE, RNLEE, RVBEE, and RVLEE at $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased (p < 0.01) intracellular tyrosinase activity by 18.4%, 21.8%, 21.5%, and 21.1%, respectively, compared to that of the control. These results demonstrated that black soybean ethanol extracts promote melanogenesis in melan-a cells. Among the black soybean ethanol extracts, R. volubilis was found to be more effective than R. nulubilis, and leaf extract was found to be more effective than bean extract. The potential mechanism underlying the hyperpigmentation effects of black soybeans is the promotion of tyrosinase activity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.913-915
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• 2005

The three new lignans 1-3 were isolated from the methanol extracts of the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii. They were elucidated as (7S,8R)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-O-(2-methoxy-4-omegahydroxypropylphenyl) propane-1,3-diol, (7S,8S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-O-(6-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-omegahydroxypropylphenyl) propane-1,3-diol, and [tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)furan-3-yl]methyl 3,4-dimethoxy benzoate by spectral analysis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.255-263
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• 2007

Composite resin restorations are widely used to restore decayed teeth or preventive restoration in children. Children often receive topical fluoride treatments on a semiannual basis. However there is concern that topical acidulated phosphate fluorides (APF) may cause deterioration of composite resins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface changes in composite resins due to topical fluoride application. Composite resins(Solitaire $2^{(R)}$, Metafil $CX^{(R)}$, Composan $LCM^{(R)}$, $Charmseal^{(R)}$) in topical fluoride agents were immersed and their surface roughness, weight loss and SEM findings were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. The 4 minutes-immersion group showed more roughened surface than 1 minute-immersion group and the control group showed the smoothest surface among all the materials, and there was statistically significant difference between the groups except the Composan $LCM^{(R)}$ (P<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference between the 1 minute-immersion group and 4 minutes-immersion group in weight loss (P>0.05) 3. The experimental group treated with topical fluoride gel showed generally more roughened surface than control group in the SEM findings.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.668-678
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• 2021

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the clinical competence of nurses, using a descriptive correlational study design. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 170 nurses working in a general hospital in Gwangju city and Jeollanam-do province from March 24 to May 27, 2021. There were significant differences in clinical competence according to age, marital status, and educational level. Clinical competence was significantly correlated with nursing professionalism (r=.600, p<.001), critical-thinking disposition (r=.568, p<.001), communication skills (r=.658, p<.001), and nursing practice environment (r=.353, p<.001). Factors influencing clinical competence were communication skills, nursing professionalism, critical-thinking disposition, and age, which explained 54.0% of the total variance. It is necessary to develop educational programs to improve the communication skills, nursing professionalism, and critical-thinking disposition of nurses. Additionally, Institutional and national measures are needed so that nurses can continue to work in hospitals.