• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.182-186
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the chemical properties and microbial community characteristics in 25 controlled horticultural soils (CHS) sampled from Gyeongnam Province by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method. The electrical conductivity of watermelon CHS was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of red pepper CHS, pumpkin CHS, and strawberry CHS. The amounts of total FAMEs, total bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in red pepper CHS than those in strawberry CHS and pumpkin CHS. In addition, higher (p < 0.05) ratios of cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ were detected in tomato CHS than those in watermelon CHS, pumpkin CHS, and red pepper CHS. This implied that microbial communities of tomato CHS were stressed more than other species of cultivation soils. Actinomycetes community in red pepper CHS was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in tomato CHS, strawberry CHS, and watermelon CHS. Differences in soil microbial community composition were highly associated with cultivated crop species which might result from the management inputs such as fertilizer, herbicide, and irrigation.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2016

Soil microbes are widely well known to play an important role for sustainable agriculture in terms of crop healthy cultivation and environmental conservation. In this context, the distributional characteristics of soil microbes according to cropping systems were investigated under rice (R)-rice (R), rice (R)-barley (B)-rice (R), and soybean (S)-barley (B)-soybean (S) cropping condition to get basic informations for sustainable agriculture, where barley was grown for winter, in mid-mountainous loam paddy located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju area from 2014 to 2015. Estimating from microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method, a total biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in R-B-R plot was 37% and 40% higher than that in S-B-S and R-R plots, respectively (p < 0.05). In especial, bacteria and fungi were more in R-B-R plot than those in any other ones. B. japonicum, AMF, and mesophilic Bacillus sp. were also greater in S-B-S plot than those. In the community distribution, however, bacteria and actinomycetes showed comparatively high values in S-B-S plot relative to either R-R or R-B-R plot including rice, in which fungi outstanding. In the correlation between microbial biomass and soil properties changed by the cropping, bacteria was positively correlated with C:N ratio; actinomycetes with exchangeable Ca; fungi with available $P_2O_5$ (p < 0.05). While these microbes showed negative response to water stable aggregates of soil.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.621-626
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the variations in soil microbial population of controlled horticultural land used for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation by their fatty acid methyl ester and chemical properties. We utilized four treatment groups, no treatment (NT), culture medium (CM), Bacillus subtilis S37-2 (KACC 91281P) ${\times}10^6CFU\;mL^{-1}$ (BS1), and Bacillus subtilis $S37-2{\times}10^7CFU\;mL^{-1}$ (BS2) and analyzed these variations throughout the before treatment and harvesting stage. The chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate, and electrical conductivity in soils before treatment and harvesting stage showed no significant difference among the treatments. Total numbers of bacteria and microbial biomass C in soil treated with BS1 were larger than those of NT, CM, and BS2, whereas total number of fungi at the harvesting stage was significantly lower in the BS1 soil than in the NT and CM soils (P < 0.05). On basis of leaf length, leaf width, leaf number and leaf weight, the growth characteristics lettuce on the soil treated with BS1 and BS2 was faster than those of NT and CM soils. Yield of lettuce with treated BS1 and BS2 were 35% and 29% more than that of NT, respectively.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1990

콜레스테릴 펜타노에이트의 결정은 사방정계에 속하며 a = 21.930(3), b = 21.404(3), c = 6.419(5) $\AA$이며 단위세포안에 4개의 분자가 있다. 1.0 $\sigma$ (I)보다 큰 강도를 가진 1,520개의 회절 반점에 대한 최종 R값은 0.086이다. 직접법에 의하여 구조를 풀었으며 C-H 결합길이와 메틸기는 길이를 고정시켜 이상적인 기하학적 구조에 맞춰 cascade diagonal least-squares refinement에 의하여 정밀화하였다. 테트라시클로 고리는 정상적인 구조를 하고 있으나 에스텔과 곁사슬 부분은 열적효과에 의하여 정상적인 길이와 각도의 값에서 변화를 보이고 있으며 에스텔의 끝부분이 굽어져 치켜들고 있다. 분자는 비결합성 van der waals힘에 의하여 서로 쌓여져 있고 가장 짧은 분자간 거리는 3.529 $\AA$이다.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

Recently microalgae have been proposed as a promising biodiesel feedstock, owing to their higher lipid productivity and non-arable land based cultivation system. Biomass and lipid productivities of microalgae are largely affected by various environmental and nutritional factors. In this study, the effects of nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) and organic carbon (glucose and glycerol) sources on the cell growth and lipid production of Chlorella sp. KR-1 were examined in flask cultures. Under autotrophic culture conditions for 15 days, overall cell growth and lipid (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) production with nitrate were better than those of ammonium, resulting in 1.06 g cell/L and 333 mg FAME/L, respectively. Maximal intracellular lipid contents (348 - 352 mg FAME/g cell) were observed at low concentrations of 1 mM for both nitrate and ammonium. In the supply of light, addition of glucose in the range of 1 - 20 g/L showed higher cell densities than the autotrophic cell growth condition. Higher lipid accumulation of 375 mg FAME/g cell could achieved at 5 g glucose/L albeit of relatively short incubation of 7 days. With glycerol, intracellular lipid contents were ~1.9 times lower than glucose cases although similar cell growths were observed for both carbon sources.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2011

Nowadays biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) has been becoming an important issue as a desired alternative of energy products because of non-toxic, biodegradable properties, and lower exhaust emissions. During esterification of fatty acids or transesterification of oils and fats with short chain alcohols by the alkali-catalyzed methanolysis, FAME and unrefined glycerol are generated. Quantification of glycerol as a by-product is important because of a determinant of biodiesel quality. However, the glycerol analysis by gas chromatography (GC) method has laborious works with sample preparation, long time and cost of sample analysis. Thus, there is a need to analyze glycerol more simply. Herein we demonstrate that the colorimetric assay for glycerol analysis conducted by UV-vis spectrophotometer at the wavelength 617 nm whose peak is maximum intensity of malachite green, resulting in the red-shift occurred proportionally as a function of glycerol amount. Thus, it is considered the solvent media for malachite green fading for biodiesel production: (1) water, (2) MeOH, and (3) EtOH. The resulting findings show that the peak intensity at 617 nm in glycerol-malachite green mixture had a relationship between glycerol concentration and degree of peak shift as increase in pure glycerol concentration approximately at pH 7.0. However, when it was measured the unrefined glycerol concentration by diluting and adjusting with water to buffer (pH 7.0), it was not observed the absorption peak at 617 nm because of impurities and OH ions. In case of glycerol from biodiesel production factories, glycerol concentration could be successfully measured.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.345-351
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• 1998

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the hemorrhagic hypotension was examined using a NO synthase inhibitor, $N^{\omega}-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester (L-NAME), in conscious rats. The rats were bled at a constant rate (2 ml/kg/min) through a femoral arterial catheter until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by 50 mmHg. We studied the responses to hemorrhage under normal condition (Control) and after the pretreatment with 3 doses of L-NAME (1.6, 8, 40 mg/kg i.v. of NOX1.6, NOX8, and NOX40, respectively). Intravenous bolus injection of L-NAME produced a sustained increase in MAP and decrease in heart rate (HR). During hemorrhage, the MAP fell faster in the NOX8 and NOX40-treated groups than in Control group, but the control group showed same response to NOX1.6. HR greatly increased in NOX groups. The recovery from hemorrhagic hypotension was slowed in the control group, which was not treated with L-NAME. In comparison with the control group, NOX8 and NOX1.6-treated groups registered a significant recovery in MAP during the 15 min recovery period, but NOX40 brought about only a slight increase in MAP. NO precursor, L-arginine (150 mg/kg i.v.), produced significant bradycardic responses before and after hemorrhage and significant depressor response only after hemorrhagic hypotension regardless of pretreatment with L-NAME. These data suggest that the role of NO in blood pressure regulation is greater after hemorrhagic hypotension than basal condition, but the effect of NO can be detrimental to the recovery from hemorrhagic hypotension. In addition, the bradycardic response of L-arginine provides indirect evidence that NO may inhibit sympathetic activity, especially after hemorrhagic hypotension.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2016

As an alternative fuel, biodiesel has excellent lubricating property. Previously, our research group reported that the properties of biodiesels depended on their composed molecular structure. In this study, we investigate lubricity and the mechanism of lubricity improvement of synthesized biodiesel molecules. We synthesize four types of biodiesel components from fatty acid via fisher esterification and soybean biodiesel from soybean oil via transesterification in high yield (92-96%). We analyze the lubricity of the five 5 types of biodiesel using HFRR (high frequency reciprocating rig). We estimate that the mechanism of lubricity is relevant to the molecular structure and structure conversion of biodiesel. The test results indicate that the longer the length of molecules and the higher the content of olefin, the better the lubricity of the biodiesel molecules. However, the wear scar size of the first test samples’ do not show a regular pattern with the wear scar size of the second test samples’. Moreover, we investigated the structure conversion of the biodiesels by using GC-MS for the recovered biodiesel samples from the HFRR test. However, we do not detect structure conversion. Thus, we conclude that the lubricity of biodiesel depends on how effectively solid adsorption and boundary lubrication occurs based on the size of the molecule and the content of olefin in the molecule. In addition, HFRR test condition in not sufficient for Diels-Alder cyclization of biodiesel components.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1166-1173
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• 2006

The aqueous extracts of Cortex Caryophylli (AEC) induced dose-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted aorta, which was abolished by removal of functional endothelium. Pretreatment of the endothelium-intact aortic tissues with N$^G$_nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1 H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-${\alpha}$l-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the relaxation induced by AEC. AEC-induced vascular relaxations were also markedly attenuated by addition of verapamil, diltiazem and glibenclamide, tetraethylammonium (TEA), respectively, while the relaxation effect of AEC was not blocked by indomethacin, atropine, or propranolol. Moreover, incubation of endothelium-intact aortic rings with AEC increased the production of cGMP. These results suggest that AEC dilates vascular smooth muscle via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide/cGMP signaling, which seems to be causally related with L-type Ca$^{2+}$ and K$^+$ channels.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1214-1220
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• 2008

Secondary metabolites from the fruit body of Phellinus linteus were evaluated for their proliferative effect on human osteoblast-like cells. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-y1]-2,5-diphenyl-tetraxolium bromide (MTT) assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay were used to assess the effect those isolates on the human osteoblast-like cell line (Saos-2). Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of ALP-activating phenolic compounds through the extraction of P. linteus, solvent partitioning, and repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatographic separations. From the result of spectroscopic data including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR), the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one(1), 2-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-5-aldehyde (2), 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (3), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (4), and protocatechuic acid methyl ester (5), respectively. This study reports the first isolation of compounds 1-3 and 5 from P. linteus. In addition, all phenolic compounds stimulated proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells and increased their ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner ($10^{-8}$ to $10^{-1}\;mg/mL$). The present data demonstrate that phenolic compounds in P. linteus stimulated mineralization in bone formation caused by osteoporosis. The bone-formation effect of P. linteus seems to be mediated, at least partly, by the stimulating effect of the phenolic compounds on the growth of osteoblasts.