• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

In recent years, polyphenol-rich herbs, fruits and processed foods, which are made of plant origin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important source of bioactive compounds and has been used to treat diseases because of its medicinal properties. This research was focused on characterizing Korea's national cultivar and a similar product from California, USA. To evaluate their bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities, their anti-oxidation and cancer inhibition properties, as well as their organic acid and free sugar contents, were investigated. The national cultivar had low total sugar and high organic acid contents, contrary to the imported product. The results showed that the peel of national cultivar had high polyphenol and ellagic acid contents compared to imported product. The free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its positive correlation with the total polyphenol contents was found. The anti-cancer activity of methanol extracts revealed growth inhibition against the prostate cancer cell. These results signify that while pomegranate, national cultivar, is more sour than the imported product, its health benefits could be excellent. Also, the polyphenol compound content of the non-edible part (such as the peel and the seed) was higher than that of the juice. Thus, it is suggested that the byproduct of the juice extraction could be potentially used in other fields such as medicine or dietary agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1003-1008
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• 2000

Antioxidative activities (AA) of mustard leaf kimchi (MLK) by the addition of optional ingredients among selected minor materials were studied. In order to determine AA of MLK with different spices, the model systems of ground cooked beef with green onion, garlic, and red pepper powder were prepared and stored for 4 weeks at 4$^{\circ}C$. AA of red pepper added group was stronger than those of others. AA of red MLK was relatively higher than that of (green) MLK. For the enhancement of AA of MLK, another model systems were prepared with the selected antioxidative optional ingredients, which were bonnet bellflower root, leek, burdock, sea tangle, sea mustard, seastaghorn at the level of 2% or 4%. The extracts of water, 75% methanol and hexane of MLK, bonnet bellflower root added MLK, and seastaghorn added MLK had a considerable AA with the inhibition of peroxide formation during the autioxidation of linoleic acid mixtures in aqueous model systems at 37$^{\circ}C$. Therefore, AA was more effective in MLK containing specific optional ingredients than that of MLK alone significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2005

The comparison on antioxidative activity of 13 kinds of vegetables that showed efficient oxygen radical absorbance capacity was carried out under in uitro and cellular model using LLC-$ PK_{1}$ renal epithelial cell, and also the total Phenol contents were analyzed. Beets, eggplant, and kale exerted the strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and also these vegetables showed high contents of total phenol, indicating the positive relationship between DPPH radical scavenging effect and total phenol content. In addition, the treatment of 1 mM 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride for 24 hrs to LLC-$PK_{1}$ cell susceptible to oxidative stress led to the decline of cell viability to 68.1$\%$, whereas the cellular oxidative damage was ameliorated by vegetables, especially eggplant and cauliflower, resulting in the elevation of cell viability to higher than 90$\%$ at the concentration of 5 $\mu$g/mL. This study suggests that 13 kinds of vegetables exert antioxidative activity under in uitro and cellular oxidative damage model, in particular among them eggplant showed the most effective antioxidative activity with higher total phenol content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1980

In this study, two species of algae, Ecklonia stolonifera, Sargassum thunbergii and one species of marine plant, Zostera marina(rhizoid and stem) were collected and extamined to determine the extractability of water soluble protein and the influences of various factors including extraction time, temperature, ratio of sample vs solvent and pH upon the extractability were tested. The effects of precipitation treatments for isolation of algal protein from the extracts(TCA treatment, methanol treatment and pH control) were also tested. Amino nitrogen and total nitrogen of purified samples made by obtained optimum conditions were estimated. The effect of the ratio of sample vs solvent on extractability differed from species to species which was enhances at 1:100(w/v) in Sargassum thunbergii and Zostera marina while 1:150(w/v) for Ecklonia stolonifera. The effect of extraction time and temperature was revealed differently in all species which might be considered to be caused by differences in the constitution of algal tissues. But in case of TCA insoluble nitrogen, it was showed the maximum extractability at $40-50^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour extraction. The optimum pH for the ext action of total nitrogen was 9-12 while the optimum pH was 6-7 for TCA insoluble nitrogen. And the pH control appeared to be most effective in the influence of precipitation treatment for isolation of algal protein.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

This study was performed to determine the anticancer effects of cultivated Orostachys japonicus (COJ) and wild Orostachys japonicus (WOJ) on primary human prostate cancer cells (RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells). The morphology of cells treated with COJ and WOJ was distorted to shrunken cell masses. In addition, cell death induced by COJ and WOJ was associated with increased population of cells in sub-G1 phase as well as the formation of apoptotic bodies and nuclear condensation. COD and WOJ markedly reduced the number of viable prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and cell numbers were lower than control cells. COJ and WOJ also inhibited increases in cell proliferation induced by environmental hormones such as dioxin and bisphenol A in charcoal-treated FBS (cFBS) medium. COJ and WOJ methanol extracts at the tested concentrations (150, 300, and 600 ${\mu}g/mL$) also dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation induced by environmental hormones. These results indicate that COJ and WOJ exert anticancer effects on primary human prostate cancer cells.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1987.07a
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• pp.133-148
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• 1987

Gibberellin(GA) 3-$\beta$ hydroxylation is very important for the shoot elogation in the higher plants, since only 3$\beta$-hydryoxylated GAs promote shoot elogation in several plants. Fluctuation of 3$\beta$-hydryoxylase activity was examined during seed maturation using two cultivars of , P. vulgaris, Kentucky Wonder (normal) and Masterpiece (dwarf). Very immature seeds of both cultivars contain high level of 3$\beta$-hydroxylase activity (per mg protein). Both cultivars showed maximum of enzyme activity (per seed) in the middle of their maturation process. Gibberellin 3$\beta$-hydroxylase catalyzing the hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 was purified 313-fold from very early immature seeds of P. vulgaris. Crude soluble enzyme extracts were purified by 15% methanol precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatogrphy, DEAE ion exchange column chromatography and gel filtration HPLC. The 3$\beta$-hydroxylase activity was unstable and lost much of its activity duting the purification. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was extimated to be 42, 000 by gel filtration HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.7. The Km values for [2.3-3H] GA20 and [2.3-3H]GA9 were 0.29 $\mu$M and 0.33 $\mu$M, respectively. The enzyme requires 2-oxoglutarate as a cosubstrate; the Km value for 2-oxoglutarate was 250 $\mu$M using 3H GA20 as a substrate. Fe2+ and ascorbate significantly activated the enzyme at all purification steps, while catalase and BSA activated the purified enzyme only. The enzyme was inhibited by divalent cations Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. Effects of several GAs and GA anaogues on the putrified 3$\beta$-hydroxylase were examined using [3H]GA9 and GA20 as a substrates. Among them, GA5, GA9, GA15, GA20 and GA44 inhibited the enzyme activity. [13C, 3H] GA20 was converted by the partially purified enzyme preparation to [13C, 3H]GA1, GA5 and GA6, which were identified by GC-MS, GA9 was converted only GA4, GA15 and GA44 were converted to GA37 and GA38, respectively. GA5 was epoxidized to GA6 by the preparation. This suggests that 3$\beta$-hydroxylation of GA20 and epoxidation of GA5 are catalyzed by the same enzyme in P, vulgaris.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2003

Extracts from 52 samples of mushrooms were prepared by using water, ethanol and methanol, and then yields and angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity were investigated. Sample mushrooms contained crude proteins of $7.1{\sim}56.5%$, curde lipids of $0.2{\sim}4.4%$ and carbohydrates of $30.3{\sim}86.6%$. Among 52 samples, the water extract from fruiting body of Pholiota spp. ASI 24027 showed the highest extraction yield of 68%. Water extract of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 fruiting body had potential ACE inhibitory activity of 66%. The optimal extraction condition of the ACE inhibitor from the fruiting bodyies of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 was In water at $30^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr and ACE inhibitory activity was 67.6% on the condition with 0.2 mg of $IC_{50}$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of balanced nutritional formular for patients containing various ingredients after gamma irradiation at 4 kGy. Since viable bacteria were not observed within the detection limit of 1 log CFU/g, a dose of 4 kGy was appropriate for the pasteurization of the formular. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, both hot water and methanol extracts of the formular exhibited dose-independent responses, which was similar to those obtained from that of the negative control (distilled water or dimethyl sulfoxide). In a chromosomal aberration test using lung fibroblast cells of Chinese hamster, the numbers of normal chromosomes were comparable to those observed in the negative control, regardless of the treatment dose and metabolic activation system. Furthermore, no significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were observed relative to the control, when mice were fed with the formular at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight. Therefore, the balanced nutritional formular for patients did not exhibit genotoxicity when pasteurization by gamma irradiation at 4 kGy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2015

There has been little research on the harvesting time-dependent changes in the antioxidant activities of new varieties of highland cultures of Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri) crossed with Turcs (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.)) and Nakai (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis), namely Sammany (S), Gommany (G) and Damogy (D). This study was conducted to assess the effect of different harvesting times on nutritional and health-related properties such as total phenolic contents, flavonoids, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrasyl) free radical scavenging activities and reducing power. From these harvests, extracts were prepared using methanol. Total phenolic content in Jul 14-G (Gommany harvested on July 14, 0.172 ㎎·GAE/ml) was higher than that in other products harvested after the same period (S, 0.154; D, 0.141 ㎎·GAE/ml). Flavonoid content was higher in Jul 3-G (0.114 ㎎·QE/ml), compared to Jul 3-S (0.113 ㎎·QE/ml) and Jul 14-D (0.089 ㎎·QE/ml). Antioxidant activities were higher in samples harvested after June 12 in all cases. On July 14, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities among all harvest dates were seen (92.875~94.595%). The reducing power was also dependent on harvest day (Abs 0.5~0.6 on July 14), showing a pattern similar to that of DPPH free radical-scavenging activities. Antioxidant activity and harvesting times seem to correlate with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2013

An analytical methodology based on solid-space extraction (SPE) with with Bond Elut Certify cartridge (Varian, 130 mg) has been developed for the qualification and quantitation of strychnine in blood. After the elution layer was evaporated, the residue was reconstituted with methanol for GC/MS. Internal standard was used 10 mg/l dextromethorphan. Strychnine is a potent central nervous stimulant and convulsant, and an alkaloid found in seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. It was used therapeutically to improve circulation and muscle tone in oral or intramuscular doses of 0.05~8 mg. The fatal dose of strychnine for humans is 50~100 mg. A man was found dead lying curled up the corner of the large room in a roof house after the fire fighter opened a locked door inside to put out the fire. The postmortem blood and gastric contents were analyzed for toxicological testing. Strychnine and brucine were detected using GC/MS first in gastric contents extracts. The contents of strychnine was 0.083 mg/l in heart blood, 0.088 mg/l in peripheral blood and 4.0 mg/kg in gastric contents, respectively. Method validation was carried out in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision (intraday, interday) in blood. The assay is linear over 0.05~10 mg/l ($r^2$=0.999). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in blood were determined 0.02 mg/l (S/N=3) and 0.07 mg/l (S/N=10), respectively. Accuracy (bias%) of strychnine with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l was 12.0% (n=6), 9.3% (n=6) and 6.9% (n=6), respectively. Intraday precision (CV%) of strychnine with, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l were 6.4%, 10.4%, 1.2% (n=6), respectively. Interday precision (CV%) of strychnine with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l over three days were 24.0%, 18.5%, 13.8% (n=18), respectively. Relative recovery with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l (in blood) were 114.9%, 99.3% and 87.4% (n=6), respectively. The described method can be applied in forensic toxicology to determine strychnine in blood samples.