• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10729-10733
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• 2015

Background: Adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a treatment option for prostate cancer (PC) patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although it can achieve a good progression-free survival rate, some patients still develop clinical metastasis. We here investigated risk factors of clinical metastasis in post-prostatectomy patients who received immediate adjuvant ADT. Materials and Methods: We identified 197 patients with non-metastatic PC who underwent RP at our institution between 2000 and 2012, followed by adjuvant ADT. The associations of various clinicopathologic factors with clinical metastasis (primary endpoint) and cancer-specific survival (secondary endpoint) were assessed. Multivariate analysis was conducted using a Cox proportional hazards model. Median follow-up was 87 months after RP. Results: Nine (4.6%) patients developed clinical metastasis and six (3.0%) died from PC. Eight of nine metastatic patients had a pathologic Gleason score (GS) 9 and developed bone metastasis, while the remaining one had pathologic GS 7 and developed metastasis only to para-aortic lymph nodes. On multivariate analyses, pathologic GS ${\geq}9$ and regional lymph node metastasis (pN1) were independent predictors of clinical metastasis and pathologic GS ${\geq}9$ was an independent predictor of cancer-specific death. Conclusions: Pathologic GS ${\geq}9$ and pN1 were independent predictors of clinical metastasis in post-prostatectomy patients who received immediate adjuvant ADT. Furthermore, pathologic GS ${\geq}9$ was an indispensable condition for bone metastasis, which may imply that patients with GS ${\leq}8$ on adjuvant ADT are unlikely to develop bone metastasis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Distant metastasis is a major cause of mortality in CRC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the post-transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression. Many miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancer and influence tumor progression. Accumulating studies suggest that multiple miRNAs are actively involved in the CRC metastasis process. Thus, we aim to introduce the role of miRNAs in multi-steps of CRC metastasis, including cancer cell invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, colonization, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we suggest the potential application of miRNAs as biomarkers for CRC patients with metastasis. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 217-222]

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.186-189
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• 2007

Metastasizing mixed tumors [MMT] of salivary glands are inexplicably metastasize maintaining benign histology. There is no pathologic and flow cytometric analysis criteria to predict the metastasis. MMT is known to metastasize by local implantation, vascular and lymphatic embolization after multiple surgery to local recurrences of primary tumor. However, multiple metastasis including cranium and spine occurred even without surgery to the primary tumor in this case. No pathological evidence of malignancy could be found in both primary and metastatic tumor. MMT is considered as an low grade malignancy based on clinical behavior rather than histologic evidence, such as low mortality rate, long delay of metastasis after primary lesion. Cranial metastasis is also extremely rare and only two cases have been reported. We report this unusual case with a literature review.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.458-465
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• 2020

Metastasis is the main culprit of the great majority of cancerrelated deaths. However, the complicated process of the invasion-metastasis cascade remains the least understood aspect of cancer biology. Telomerase plays a pivotal role in bypassing cellular senescence and sustaining the cancer progression by maintaining telomere homeostasis and genomic integrity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) exerts a series of fundamental functions that are independent of its enzymatic cellular activity, including proliferation, inflammation, epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, DNA repair, and gene expression. Accumulating evidence indicates that TERT may facilitate most steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade. In this review, we summarize important advances that have revealed some of the mechanisms by which TERT facilitates tumor metastasis, providing an update on the non-canonical functions of telomerase beyond telomere maintaining.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 2013

A clear consensus has not been established regarding the best treatment for solitary bone metastasis. Here, we reviewed the medical records of patients with a controlled primary malignancy who had only solitary spine metastasis without metastasis to the extraspinal bone or viscera and underwent treatment between April 2007 and December 2012 with stereotactic body radiosurgery using CyberKnife, with a total dose of 24 Gy in three to four fractions. During that time, there were only four cases. This was effective in each case, and all the four patients had no local failure and remained alive at a median follow-up of 68 months (range, 64 to 80 months). Although our experience is limited, this study suggests that stereotactic body radiotherapy could be a feasible, safe, effective, and noninvasive alternative treatment for solitary spine metastasis in patients who are medically inoperable or unsuitable for surgery.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.153-159
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• 2005

Microarray gene expression technology has applications that could refine diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring as well as improve disease prevention through risk assessment and early detection. Especially, microarray expression data can provide important information regarding specific genes related with metastasis through an appropriate analysis. Various methods for clustering analysis microarray data have been introduced so far. We used twostep clustering fot ascertain metastasis related gene through t-test. Through t-test between two groups for two publicly available medulloblastoma microarray data sets, we intended to find significant gene for metastasis. The paper describes the process in detail showing how the process is applied to clustering analysis and t-test for microarray datasets and how the metastasis-associated genes are explorated.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1503-1510
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• 2014

Breast cancer bone metastasis causing severe morbidity is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It causes pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord and other nerve compression syndromes and life threatening hypercalcemia. Breast cancer metastasizes to bone through complicated steps in which numerous molecules play roles. Metastatic cells disrupt normal bone turnover and create a vicious cycle to which treatment efforts should be directed. Bisphosphonates have been used safely for more than two decades. As a group they delay time to first skeletal related event and reduce pain, but do not prevent development of bone metastasis in patients with no bone metastasis, and also do not prolong survival. The receptor activator for nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand inhibitor denosumab delays time to first skeletal related event and reduces the skeletal morbidity rate. Radionuclides are another treatment option for bone pain. New targeted therapies and radionuclides are still under investigation. In this review we will focus on mechanisms of bone metastasis and its medical treatment in breast cancer patients.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.505-507
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• 2009

A 60-year-old woman, who had non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in left lower lobe underwent brain F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for evaluation of cerebral metastasis. On follow-up FDG-PET/CT, only hypometaolic lesion was detected and progressed in right frontal lobe at 6 months and 10 months, later. Hypermetabolic metastasis was not detected even at last scan time of FDG-PET/CT. Brain MRI showed brain metastasis in right frontal lobe. As might be expected, the physician should take cerebral metastasis into consideration even though there is only hypometabolic change on subsequent FDG-PET/CT in patients with NSCLC.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 2013

Thyroid cancer is known as its relatively high cure rate after surgical treatment and spinal metastasis of thyroid cancer is extremely rare as the prevalence is only 2-13%. Spinal metastasis is usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally in most cases. A 66-year-old man was diagnosed as thyroid papillary cancer with spinal metastasis. We treated the patient by surgery, adjuvant radiotheraphy and radioactive iodine therapy. C6 corpectomy was followed for the residual spinal metastasis by the department of neurosurgery. The patient had no functional complication by the surgical process. At 24 months after surgery, there was no sign of recurrence and the patient led social life without any discomfort. We present this case with a review of the related literatures.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.94-97
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• 2017

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, but are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. The most common sites of metastasis are liver and peritoneum, while bone metastasis is rare. We report on a patient with skull metastasis after seven years of treatment with imatinib for metastatic GIST. She underwent metastasectomy consisting of craniectomy with excision of the mass, and cranioplasty and continued treatment with imatinib and sunitinib, without evidence of cranial recurrence. She died of pneumonia sepsis one year after metastasectomy. Skull metastasis of GIST is a very rare presentation, and an aggressive multidisciplinary approach should be considered whenever possible.