• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2009

In order to investigate spatial and temporal distributional characteristics of major water qualities in the Saemangeum area during the Saemangeum dike construction, salinity, COD, dissolved nutrients(DIN, Silicate) and heavy metals were analyzed from the surface water collected in April, May, August and November 2002. The overall value of Salinity, COD, DIN, and silicate in surface waters were in the range of $13.08{\sim}31.96\;psu$, $0.12{\sim}3.43\;mg/L$, $0.001{\sim}2.638\;mg/L$, and $0.010{\sim}3.181\;mg/L$, respectively. The COD and DIN in each survey showed the highest concentration at the mouth of Mangyeong river estuary(St. 1) where freshwater flow into the Saemangeum area. The concentrations of nutrients were high in the inner part of the Saemangeum dike with low-salinity, and low nutrients in the outer part of the dike with high-salinity, which strongly indicated that concentrations were adjusted by physical mixing. The ranges of dissolved metals and acid-soluble Hg in surface seawater were $0.006{\sim}0.115{\mu}g/L$ for Co, $0.26{\sim}0.114{\mu}g/L$ for Ni, $0.14{\sim}0.93{\mu}g/L$ for Cu, $0.04{\sim}0.53{\mu}g/L$ for Zn, $0.010{\sim}0.043{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, $0.010{\sim}0.795{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, and $0.25{\sim}4.16{\mu}g/L$ for Hg. The highest concentrations of some metals except for Cd were found at the estuary(Sts. 1 or 3). In most cases, a decreasing order of metal concentrations towards open sea(low-salinity$\rightarrow$high-salinity) was observed and showed positive relationship with DIN and silicate caused by land base pollutants input. On the other hand, due to Cd desorption from suspended solids in saline water, dissolved Cd concentrations were high in high-salinity area and low in low-salinity. In November, Co, Zn, Cu and Pb were relatively high in the northern area of the outer-side of Saemangeum, which was only influenced by the Geum river discharge. The concentrations of most dissolved metals of this study were lower than those of the past data in this area, but higher than those in Lena river estuary under the pristine environment.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2005

This study suggested a new method for the solidification of molten salt waste generated from the electro-metallurgical process in the spent fuel treatment. Using binary material system, sodium silicate and phosphoric acid, metal chlorides were converted into metal phosphate in the micro-reaction module formed by SiO$_{2} particles. The volatile element in the reaction module would little vaporized below 1100$^{circ}$C After the gel product was mixed with borosilicate glass powder and thermally treated at 1000$^{circ}$C, li exists as Li$_{3}$PO$_4$ separated from glass phase and, Cs and Sr would be incorporated into an amorphous phase from XRD analysis. In case of the addition of ZrCl$_{4}$ to the binary system, the gel products were transformed into NZP structure considered as an prospective ceramic waste form after heat-treatment above 700 $^{circ}$C. From these results, the gel-route pretreatment can be considered as an effective approach to the solidincation of molten salt waste by the confirmed process or waste form and this also would be an alternative method on the ANL method using zeolites in USA by the confirmation of its chemical durability as an future work.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.381-390
• /
• 2017

Desalination is the main focus of the stabilization of iron artifacts. However, drawbacks such as re-corrosion are noted due to the uncertainty in the elimination of the corrosive factors and artifacts. Several studies have been carried out on the effects of corrosion inhibitors to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, the effects of type 3 water treatment on corrosion inhibitors were investigated. Surfaces of samples that contained film corrosion inhibitors on their surfaces were analyzed. The results revealed that the surface rust was removed from the sample of type 1 No. 2 that was mainly composed of phosphate. The average weight reduction rates of re-corrosion samples were 0.58, 0.03, and 0.07% for type 1 No. 2, type 2 No. 2, and type 3 No. 2 respectively. The changes in the $Cl^-$ ion, a corrosive agent were found to be 28.60, -4.08, and -1.94 ppm for type 1 No. 2, type 2 No. 2, and type 3 No. 2 respectively. The water-treated films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that type 2 No. 2 had less Fe the basis metal, than that in type 3 No. 2 indicating much better film. Moreover, Si content was higher in type 2 No. 2, based on the silicate content, than in type 3 No. 2. They are speculated to be the reason or the formation of a better film. Type 1 No. 2, which is mainly composed of phosphate, would be inappropriate as a metal artifact conservation treatment. It was determined that type 2 No. 2 and type 3 No. 2 water treatments, which are mainly composed of silicate, provided excellent corrosion inhibiting effects. Corrosion inhibitors could be used as emergency treatment agents during the excavation of iron artifacts.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 1993

The Ulsan Fe-W deposit, which can be classified as a calcareous skarn deposit, is represented by ore pipe consisting principally of magnetite and lesser amounts of scheelite with minor sulphides, sulphosaits, arsenides, sulpharsenides, etc. At Ulsan mine, metasomatic processes of skarn growth may be divided broadly into two stages based on the paragenetic sequence of calc-silicate minerals and their chemical composition; early and late skarn stages. Early stage has started with the formation of highly calcic assemblages of wollastonite, diopsidic clinopyroxene and nearly pure grossular, which are followed by the formation of clinopyroxenes with salite to ferrosalite composition and grandite garnets with intermediate composition. Based on these calc-silicate assemblages, the temperatures of early skarn formations have been in the ranges of $550^{\circ}$ to $450^{\circ}$. The calc-silicate assemblages formed during the earlier half period of late skarn stage show the enrichment of notable iron and slight manganese, and the depletion of magnesium; clinopyroxenes are hedenbergitic, and grandite garnets are andraditic. The formation temperatures during this skarn stage are inferred to have been in the range of $430^{\circ}$ to $470^{\circ}C$ at low $X_{CO_2}$ by data from fluid inclusions of late andraditic garnets. The later half period of late skarn stage is characterized by the hydrous alteration of pre-existing minerals and the formation of hydrous silicates. The main iron-tungsten mineralization representing prominent deposition of magnetite immediately followed by minor scheelite impregnation has taken place at the middle of early skarn stage, while complex polymetallic mineralization has proceeded during and after the late skarn stage. Various metals and semimetals of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Pb and Bi have been in various states such as native metal, sulphides, arsenides, sulphosaits, sulpharsenides and tellurides.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2017

The use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is recognized as a source of many pollutants, just like conventional cigarettes (CCs). The analysis of EC aerosol samples has confirmed the presence of various metallic species. Most of these metals originate from various parts of the cartomizer, e.g., solder joints, wires, and silicate beads. The metal concentration levels in EC samples were shown to be generally two to four orders of magnitude lower than those of CCs. However, the use of ECs can still pose significant human health hazards as consumers are exposed to the toxicity of those metals and many other hazardous pollutants released simultaneously via the vaping of ECs. The review also describes the detection and quantification of various metals in ECs and CCs. This review was carried out to assess the level of metal species released from ECs and to suggest proper guidelines to control consumer exposure.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.271-282
• /
• 1985

In order to investigate the mold reaction characteristics of Mn steel and Cr steel castings individually, the mold reaction products were examined by scanning electron microscopy, electron prove microanalyzer and X-ray diffractometer. From this experiment, the results were summarized as follows: 1) The mold reaction depth increased with increase of Mn content, while it decreased with increase of Cr content. 2) Mold reaction depth decreased with Mn content at $1200^{\circ}C$. 3) Mn, among the reaction products, forms a low fusion silicate, Mn $O.SiO_2$ while Cr forms a stable oxide, $CrO_3$ which hindering the reaction between FeO and $SiO_2$ thus the formation of $FeO.SiO_2$ was depressed.

• Rubber Technology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2011

Nanotechnology is the fast becoming key technology of the $21^{st}$ century. Due to its fascinating size-dependent properties, it has gained significant important in various sectors. Myths are being formed on the proverbal nanotechnology market, but the reality is the nanotechnology is not a market but a value chain. The chain comprises of - nanomaterials (nanoparticles) and nanointermediates (coatings, compounds, smart fabrics). Elastomer based nanocomposites reinforced with low volume fraction of nanofillers is the first generation nanotechnology products and it has attracted great interest due to their fascinating properties. The incorporation of nanofillers such as nanolayered silicates, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, metal oxides or silica nanoparticles into elastomers improves significantly their mechanical, thermal, barrier properties, flame retardency etc., Extremely small particle size, high aspect ratio and large interface area yield an excellent improvement of the properties in a wide variety of the materials. Uniform dispersion of the nanofillers is a general prerequisite for achieving desired properties. In this paper, current developments in the area of elastomer based nanocomposites reinforced with layered silicate and carbon nanotube fillers are highlighted.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.301-308
• /
• 2007

Silicate mineral serpentine with magnesium and calcium was selected as a mineral carbonation mediators for carbon dioxide storage. Serpentine has various metallic elements as an oxides form of magnesium, iron, calcium, aluminium etc. Magnesium and calcium could be carbonation salt preferentially than other metal component within serpentine. Systemic thermochemical treatment for serpentine could change physicochemical properties like a surface area and pore dimensions. Due to the rapid chemical reaction rate depended on dimensional values, carbonation formation could determined by surface property change of thermochemical treated serpentine.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1996.07c
• /
• pp.1440-1442
• /
• 1996

The laser annealing effects on the TEOS (Tetra-Ethyl-Ortho-Silicate) oxide of MOS (Al/TEOS/n+ Silicon) structures was investigated with different initial oxide conditions, such as breakdown field. The breakdown field increased up to the 170 $mJ/cm^2$ with increasing laser energy density and decreased at 220 $mJ/cm^2$. It is considered that the increase of breakdown field is originated from the restore of strains which exist mainly at the metal/oxide interface.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.223-224
• /
• 2001

고온 소각공정은 산업용 및 가정용 폐기물의 처리시 부피의 현격한 감소뿐만 아니라 유해성 유기물을 무해한 형태로 전환시켜 주는 장점을 지니고 있다. 그러나 유해 중금속의 경우 소각공정 중 소멸되거나 새로이 생성되지 않고 화학적, 물리적 변형만 일어날 뿐, 그 유해성은 소멸되지 않고, 고온 휘발성 유해중금속의 경우 일부 환경으로 배출되므로 잠재적으로 심각한 대기오염원이 되고 있다(1990). 최근에는 이러한 고온 휘발성 중금속의 효과적인 제거를 위한 연구로 여러 가지 무기질 흡착제를 이용한 고온 흡착제거 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다(1998, 1999). (중략)