• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.246-255
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• 2015

Purpose: The importance of Helicobacter pylori eradication after endoscopic resection (ER) of gastric neoplasms remains controversial. In this study, we clarified the importance of H. pylori eradication for metachronous lesions after ER. Materials and Methods: This study included 3,882 patients with gastric neoplasms who underwent ER. We included patients infected with H. pylori who received eradication therapy. Among them, 34 patients with metachronous lesions after ER and 102 age- and sex-matched patients (nonmetachronous group) were enrolled. Background mucosal pathologies such as atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (IM) were evaluated endoscopically. The expression levels of CDX1, CDX2, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and SOX2 were evaluated based on H. pylori eradication and the development of metachronous lesions. Results: The eradication failure rate was higher in the metachronous group than in the nonmetachronous group (P=0.036). Open-type atrophy (P=0.003) and moderate-to-severe IM (P=0.001) occurred more frequently in the metachronous group. In patients with an initial diagnosis of dysplasia, the eradication failure rate was higher in the metachronous group than in the nonmetachronous group (P=0.002). In addition, open-type atrophy was more frequent in the metachronous group (P=0.047). In patients with an initial diagnosis of carcinoma, moderate-to-severe IM occurred more frequently in the metachronous group (P=0.003); however, the eradication failure rate was not significantly different between the two groups. SHH and SOX2 expression was increased, and CDX2 expression was decreased in the nonmetachronous group after eradication (P<0.05). Conclusions: Open-type atrophy, moderate-to-severe IM, and H. pylori eradication failure were significantly associated with metachronous lesions. However, eradication failure was significantly associated with dysplasia, but not carcinoma, in the metachronous group. Thus, H. pylori eradication may play an important role in preventing metachronous lesions after ER for precancerous lesions before carcinomatous transformation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.331-334
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• 2014

There is a scarcity of reports addressing patients with multiple primary malignancies (MPM), especially for Chinese cses. The aim of this study was to present a detailed analysis of Chinese patients presenting with at least two primary malignancies. Particularly, the clinical characteristics and survival between synchronous and metachronous MPM were compared. Out of 6,545 cases, 72 patients (1.1%) including 39 males (54.2%) and 33 females (45.8%) were diagnosed as MPM, giving a male: female sex ratio of 1.2:1. Of these, there were 16 (22.2%) cases of synchronous MPM (7 males, 9 females), 55(76.4%) metachronous (31 males, 24 females), and 1 "mixed form". For first tumor diagnosis time, synchronous MPM patients generally presented later than the metachronous cases. The top three sites for malignancies with metachronous MPM were colorectum, head and neck, and lung, while for synchronous they were lung, colorectum and breast. Among MPM patients, the median survival time was 15.7 years and the 5-year survival was 56%, and there was statistical difference in MPM categories (P < 0.05). The median survival time was 17.3 years and 3.8 years for metachronous and synchronous MPM patients, respectively. In comparison with synchronous MPM patients, those metachronous had a longer survival. This studies increase understanding of the clinical features of Chinese MPM patients and suggest that those presenting with metachronous cancers have a higher incidence and a better prognosis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2009

Purpose: With the development of diagnostic techniques, second primary neoplasms such as synchronous or metachronous cancers in gastric cancer patients are being increasingly found. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological features and clinical significance of gastric neoplasms combined with synchronous and metachronous cancers. Materials and Methods: 1,048 patients who were diagnosed with gastric cancer in Chosun University Hospital from January 1998 to March 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 38 of the 1,048 patients with gastric cancer (3.6%) had synchronous and metachronous cancers. Of the 38 patients, 16 patients (42.1%) had synchronous cancer and 22 patients (57.9%) had metachronous cancer. The average time interval between gastric cancer and the secondary primary cancer was $27.08{\pm}31.25$ months. The most common second primary neoplasm was lung cancer (8/38, 21.1%), followed by colorectal cancer (8/38, 21.1%). Among the 27 patients who underwent surgical resection for gastric cancer, 5 patients (18.5%) were in the synchronous group and 22 patients (81.5%) were in the metachronous group. The mean survival time of the 38 patients was 49.8 months. The mean survival time was 24.6 months for the synchronous cancer patients and 68.1 month for the metachronous cancer patients. The 3 year survival rate of the synchronous group and the metachronous group was 33.3% and 81.1%, respectively. Conclusion: We must pay attention on the preoperative workup for synchronous cancer and on the postoperative follow-up for metachronous cancer in gastric cancer patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1007-1010
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• 2015

Background: The clinical significance of bilateral breast cancer is unclear and its influence on prognosis is controversial. Materials and Methods: Between 2005 and 2009 we identified 110 cases of bilateral breast cancer (BBC) ; 49 patients had synchronous (duration between the occurrence of carcinoma in both breasts was less than 12 months) and 61 had metachronous (duration was more than one year with no ipsilateral local recurrence). We compared the patient characteristics including age, menopausal status, clinical stage, tumor size, histological classification, lymph node status, and hormone receptor and Her-2 status. We also compared the treatment given and overall and disease free survival (DFS) of both groups. Results: Synchronous cases tend to present more aggressively than metachronous cases and age at first presentation adversely affects survival. The 5 year overall survival was 78.7% for metachronous and 60% for synchronous. Patients with positive hormonal status had better five year disease free survival in metachronous compared to synchronous cases, at 76% and 63%, respectively. Age at first presentation >45years had better DFS (65%) compared to those with age ${\leq}45$ years (52%) at 5 years follow up. Conclusions: Patients with synchronous breast cancer may have worse prognosis. Young age and hormone receptor negative were risk factors in our study. Close follow up and early detection of contralateral breast cancer is mandatory.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

Purpose: Double primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) represent the most common multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMT) in Korea. The recognition and screening of hidden malignancies other than the primary cancer are critical. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival rates in patients with synchronous or metachronous double primary CRC and GC. Methods: Between January 1994 and May 2018, 11,050 patients were diagnosed with CRC (n=5,454) or GC (n=5,596) at Gil Medical Center. MPMT and metastatic malignant tumors were excluded from this study. A total of 103 patients with double primary CRC and GC were divided into two groups: the synchronous group (n=40) and the metachronous group (n=63). The incidence, clinicopathologic characteristics, and survival rate of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The incidence of synchronous and metachronous double primary CRC and GC was 0.93%. Double primary CRC and GC commonly occurred in male patients aged over 60 years with low comorbidities and minimal previous cancer history. There were significant differences between the synchronous and metachronous groups in terms of age, morbidity, and overall survival. Metachronous group patients were 6 years younger on average (P=0.009), had low comorbidities (P=0.008), and showed a higher 5-year overall survival rate (94.8% and 61.3%, P<0.001) in contrast to synchronous group. Conclusion: When primary cancer (CRC or GC) is detected, it is important to be aware of the possibility of the second primary cancer (GC or CRC) development at that time or during follow-up to achieve early detection and better prognosis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic factors and the significance of metastatectomy for Krukenberg's tumors of gastric origin.Materials and Methods: Among the patient who underwent gastric surgery from 1992 through 2005, 90 female patients with Krukenberg's tumors of gastric origin were identified. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatments for primary gastric cancer. We also investigated the prognostic risk factors for the onset of metachronous Krukenberg's tumors and the survival time of patients who underwent an operation for metachronous Krukenberg's tumors. Results: The presence of a synchronous Krukenberg's tumor (mean survival time=17.6 months, P<0.01), peritoneal seeding (14.5 months, P<0.01), and non-curative resection (15.1 months, P<0.01), were statistically significant prognostic factors for survival time in female patients with gastric cancer. The stage of primary gastric cancer (P=0.049) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.011) were statistically significant risk factors for recurrence time of a metachronous Krukenberg's tumor. In the metachronous Krukenberg's tumor group (n=53), the mean survival time of the metastatectomy group (n=46, 43.2 months, P=0.012) was longer than that in the chemotherapy or conservative treatment groups (n=7 and 24 months, respectively). Metastatectomy, presense or abscence of residual tumor and extent of residual tumor were significant prognostic factors for survival time in female patients with metachronous Krukenberg's tumor of gastric origin. Conclusions: A close observation and evaluation with ultrasound or computed tomography is necessary in female patients with advanced gastric cancer to detect a metachronous Krukenberg's tumor as soon as possible. The surgeon must operate more aggressively in patients with metachronous Krukenberg's tumors.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Reports
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2020

The effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication on the development of metachronous recurrence after endoscopic resection (ER) of gastric adenoma is not well defined. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of H. pylori eradication after ER of gastric adenoma for the prevention of metachronous recurrence. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted using the databases Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, KoreaMed, and KMBASE. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate this relationship. Pooled risk ratio for metachronous gastric lesions with regard to H. pylori eradication was calculated, and heterogeneity was also measured. Five eligible studies were finally identified in systematic review, and included in meta-analysis. H. pylori eradication was associated with overall 55% lower odds of metachronous events (RR=0.55; 95 % CI 0.34-0.92). Based on the best available evidence, eradication of H. pylori can also provide protection against metachronous recurrence after ER of gastric adenoma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.436-438
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• 2003

Multiple primary lung cancer is classified into a synchronous primary lung cancer or a metachronous primary lung cancer. Both are rarely encountered disease entities. We report our surgical experience of each one case of synchronous and metachronous primary lung cancer.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.334-338
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• 2012

Objective : We compared the survival time between patients with multiple gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and patients with a single GKRS plus whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), in patients with multiple metachronous brain metastases from lung cancer. Methods : From May 2006 to July 2010, we analyzed 31 patients out of 112 patients who showed multiple metachronous brain metastases. 20 out of 31 patients underwent multiple GKRS (group A) and 11 patients underwent a single GKRS plus WBRT (group B). We compared the survival time between group A and B. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards were used to analyze relationship between survival and 1) the number of lesions in each patient, 2) the average volume of lesions in each patient, 3) the number of repeated GKRS, and 4) the interval of development of new lesions, respectively. Results : Median survival time was 18 months (range 6-50 months) in group A and 6 months (range 3-18 months) in group B. Only the average volume of individual lesion (over 10 cc) was negatively related with survival time according to Kaplan-Meier method. Cox-proportional hazard ratio of each variable was 1.1559 for the number of lesions, 1.0005 for the average volume of lesions, 0.0894 for the numbers of repeated GKRS, and 0.5970 for the interval of development of new lesions. Conclusion : This study showed extended survival time in group A compared with group B. Our result supports that multiple GKRS is of value in extending the survival time in patients with multiple metachronous brain metastases, and that the number of the lesions and the frequency of development of new lesions are not an obstacle in treating patients with GKRS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4921-4926
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type among women with increasing incidence rates, improved prognosis and survival. According to the localization of the tumor, breast cancer is designated as unilateral (UBC) or bilateral (BBC). BBC can be classified as synchronous (SBBC) or metachronous (MBBC) based on the time interval between the diagnosis of the first and the secondary tumors. According to the guideline of WHO 2012, BBC is generally defined as SBBC when contralateral breast carcinoma is diagnosed within 3 months. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics and patterns of metastasis of BBC patients with UBC. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 768 patients with breast cancer treated at the Turkish Ministry of Health-Izmir Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital between 1976 and 2012 were studied. Survival analysis was performed comparing UBC and BBC patients. In addition, evaluations were performed in patients with SBBC and MBBC sub-groups. We used a 3-months interval to distinguish metachronous from synchronous. Results: When clinical and histopathological parameters were statistically evaluated, ER status, event-free and overall survival were found to be significant between UBC and BBC patients. In comparison of SBBC and MBBC patients, age, histological type of tumor, event-free and overall survival were found to be significant. Conclusions: BBC cases were found to show worse prognosis than UBC cases. Among BBC, SBBC had the worst prognosis based on overall survival rates.