• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2016

Various experiments using zebrafish have been highlighted recently in the scientific community. Because it is possible to conduct practical experiment from various neurological research to area of genetic study or toxicity experiment. However, gender difference effects are nearly not considered. If the gender differences of zebrafish are considered it is possible to obtain more accurate data. In this study, zebrafish which have different genders were compared each other with NMR-based metabolomics. The extracts of male and female zebrafish were measured by 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. Statistical analysis and target profiling were conducted. As a result, muscle related metabolites were observed in male zebrafish and nerve related metabolites were observed in female zebrafish.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2015

Objectives Pyrethroid pesticides are among the most commonly using insecticides in South Korean households and have been the subject of considerable interest among public health professionals for their potential health effects. The objective of this study is to examine the level of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) among elementary students in South Korea. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate pyrethroid pesticide exposure levels by measuring the urinary metabolites of 3-PBA using a gas chromatographymass spectrometry method in March 2011. Study participants were 70 Asan-area and Incheon-area elementary students. Results All respondents had values above the detection limit, and the geometric means of 3-PBA in all children were $1.85{\mu}g/L$ and $1.46{\mu}g/g$ creatinine. Children with the top 10% urinary levels of 3-PBA were more likely to be girls, under nine years of age, living in a rural area, and living in a residential type apartment. Conclusions South Korean children have a higher concentration of urinary 3-PBA compared with those of other countries. Further research identifying exposure pathways and intervention efforts to reduce environmental pesticide use are needed in South Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.939-942
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• 2017

The cellular composition and metabolic compounds of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293 were analyzed after cultivation in an anaerobic chemostat. The macromolecular composition was 24.4% polysaccharide, 29.7% protein, 7.9% lipid, 2.9% DNA, and 7.4% RNA. Its amino acid composition included large amounts of lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, and leucine. Elements were in the order of C > O > N > H > S. The metabolites in chemostat culture were lactic acid (73.34 mM), acetic acid (7.69 mM), and mannitol (9.93 mM). These data provide a first view of the cellular composition of L. mesenteroides for use in metabolic flux analysis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1975

Physiological effects of 2,4-D on the growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea were investigated culturing the alage in the MN4 media containing 0. $10^{-4}/M$ and $4<\times}10^{-4}M$ 2,4-D. During 6 days culture were taken to analysis with respect to overall growth, photosynthesis, respiration and chemical composition. Results obtained from the experiment were as follows : 1) The growth of chlorella was increased at $10^{-4}M$ and decreased at $4{\times}10^{-4}M$ of 2,4-D concentrations 2) At $10^{-4}M$ pf 2,4-D cpncentration, the activity of photosynthesis enhanced relative to contro. while at $4{\times}10^{-4}M$ it was not changed. In both concentrations, however, the rate of respiration was down from the control. 3) At $10^{-4}M$ 2,4-D, the concentration of carbondrate metabolites was not changed relative to control, while significant increase in the concentrations of proteins and nucleic acids was observed. On the other hand at $4{\times}10^{-4}M$ of 2,4-D concentrations, all the metabolites including carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids were descreased. 4) It is concluded that 2,4-D at $10^{-4}M$ concentration accelerates the growth of chlorella by promoting the activities of photosynthesis and biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1025-1030
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes in their last two months of gestation, were selected in NWFP Pakistan. Rectal palpation was carried out fortnightly, until the occurrence of first estrus. Ovulation was confirmed per rectum and milk progesterone levels (MPL). Body condition score (BCS)was recorded weekly. Milk samples were collected weekly for MPL and blood samples fortnightly for metabolites analysis. Milk yield was recorded and samples were collected for milk fat. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January)had short (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of $55.95{\pm}4.90$ days versus $91.15{\pm}11.61 $ days in the buffaloes calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS calvers remained lower than NBS calves (p<0.01). The incidence of silent ovulation was higher during LBS as compared to NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). MPL showed a pattern opposite to atmospheric temperature. In NBS calvers serum glucose levels were higher (p<0.01) and magnesium levels were lower (p<0.01) than LBS calvers. Higher serum urea was found in summer and spring than that autumn and winter (p<0.05). The reproductive performance in buffaloes calving in the LBS coincided with a low BCS (p<0.01). Fat corrected milk production (FCM) was higher in NBS than LBS (p<0.01) calvers.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.198-202
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• 1987

Toxic metabolites ('Toxins'), produced by Helminthosporium sativum causing leaf blotch in barley and root rot in barley and wheat were partially purified through C-18 column. The partially purified toxins appeared heat unstable and lipophilic. The responses of toxins to wheat and barley root corresponded with those to lettuce growth with the different concentrations. The determination of the concentration of toxins produced was developed using the dilution end-points. The equation [Y = a log X + b) was obtained from the semi-log­graphy with the linear analysis. The values 'a' and 'b' were discussed with the responses of several plants on the toxin produced by H. sativum.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2020

In this study, some of the recently reported data processing strategies were evaluated and modified based on their capabilities and a brief workflow for data mining was redefined for Q-TOF LC-MS based untargeted metabolomics. Commercial pooled human plasma samples were used for this purpose. An ultrafiltration procedure was applied on sample preparation. Sample set was analyzed through Q-TOF LC/MS. A C18 column (Agilent Zorbax 1.8 µM, 50 × 2.1 mm) was used for chromatographic separation. Raw chromatograms were processed using XCMS - R programming language edition and Isotopologue Parameter Optimization (IPO) was used to optimize XCMS parameters. The raw XCMS table was processed using MS Excel to find reliable and reproducible peaks. Totally 1650 reliable and reproducible potential metabolite peaks were found based on the data processing procedures given in this paper. The redefined dataset was upload into MetaboAnalyst platform and the identified metabolites were matched with 86 metabolic pathways. Thus, two list were obtained and presented in this study as supplement files. The first list is to present the retention times and m/z values of detected metabolite peaks. The second list is the metabolic pathways related with the identified metabolites. The briefly described data processing strategies and dataset presented in this study could be beneficial for the researchers working on untargeted metabolomics for processing their data and validating their results.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1147-1150
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• 2011

Xanthomonas oryzae causes rice bacterial blight, which has been reported as one of the most destructive diseases of rice. Metabolites were identified through cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean product fermented by the Bacillus spp., to control the bacteria. HPLC, MS, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analyses were performed to identify metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity. In this analysis, the m/z values of 253.0498, 283.0600, 269.0455, 992.6287, and 1,006.6436 were identified as daidzein, glycitein, genistein, surfactin B, and surfactin A, respectively. The levels of surfactin B and surfactin A were found to be high at 24 h (4.35 ${\mu}g$/ml) and 36 h (3.43 ${\mu}g$/ml) of fermentation, respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.495-500
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• 1998

The effect of acute toluene exposure on behaviour and monoamine concentrations in the various brain regions were investigated in the rat. Toluene was adminstered via inhalation to rats at concentrations of 0, 1000, 10000, 40000 ppm for 20 min. During exposure to toluene, spontaneous locomotor activity was counted. After exposure, animals were sacrificed instantly and brains were separated. Regional concentratons of brain monoamines (norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA; 5- hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and its metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC; homovanillic acid, HVA; 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, 5-HIAA) were determined. The changes in locomotor activity during toluene exposure depended on the toluene concentration. At 1000 ppm concentration, spontaneous locomotor activity increased initially and thereafter decreased. At higher concentrations (10000 ppm and 40000 ppm), spontaneous locomotor activity decreased and eventually ceased. A regional analysis of VA, NE, 5-HT, VOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA indicated a significant decrease in VA concentrations in cerebellum and striatum while NE and 5-HT concentrations were significantly increased in the cerebellum and cortex. 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly increased in all brain regions. DOPAC concentrations were significantly increased in cerebellum and cortex while decreased in striatum. These results especially indicated that metabolic conversion of DA to HVA in striatum was highly increased by toluene inhalation. However, It remains to elucidate between behavioural responses and monoamine changes.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2022

Since ancient times, plants have been a major source of novel drug molecules and have been used in the treatment of different infectious diseases. Secondary plant metabolites have miraculous healing properties and show potent therapeutic responses when used in combination drug therapy. The prime objective of this review is to summarize the concept of drug combination with special emphasis on the synergistic interactions between plant-derived bioactive phytochemicals with commercially available antimicrobial agents. The study also assesses the roles, importance, and applicability of phytochemicals in the management of different diseases. The review focuses on different aspects of combined antimicrobial activities, the possible mechanisms involved, and the current status of research in the field. The study was conducted based on an extensive literature survey that resulted in the following hypothesis: secondary metabolites derived from plants possess remarkable therapeutic activities. The study was designed as a systematic review that ensures unbiased and accurate representations of the relevant data and information. Jadad scale selection criteria were used for qualitative analysis of the articles to assess them based on the relevant secure score (minimum and maximum scores range between 1 and 5, respectively). Articles with secure scores > 3 were considered for the study. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using resource databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Research Gate, Scopus, Medline, and Science Direct up to June 2019. This article contains concise information about the most commonly used bioactive phytochemicals with potent antifungal and antibacterial effects.