• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.326-331
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• 1999

The metabolites of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB) were synthesized and determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The optimum conditions of CE for the separation and determination of 3,4-, 2,4-, 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid and 3,4-, 2,4-, 2,5-dimethylhippuric acid from the rat urine were as following: the fused silica capillary($75{\mu}m$ i.d. ${\times}$ 36 cm length, 29 cm to detector) was used and kept at $15^{\circ}C$. The applied voltage was 10㎸ and compounds were detected at UV 210 mnm and 254 nm. The running electrolyte was 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 15 mM of ${\beta}-CD$ and 3% of 2-propanol. The relative amount of the metabolite of 1,2,4-TMB in the rat urine was 56.7% of 3,4-isomer, 30.5% of 2,4-isomer and 12.8% of 2,5-isomer. This method can be applied to the analysis of TMB-metabolites in human urine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2017

Background: Various Panax ginseng cultivars exhibit a range of diversity for morphological and physiological traits. However, there are few studies on diversity of metabolic profiles and genetic background to understand the complex metabolic pathway in ginseng. Methods: To understand the complex metabolic pathway and related genes in ginseng, we tried to conduct integrated analysis of primary metabolite profiles and related gene expression using five ginseng cultivars showing different morphology. We investigated primary metabolite profiles via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed transcriptomes by Illumina sequencing using adventitious roots grown under the same conditions to elucidate the differences in metabolism underlying such genetic diversity. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that primary metabolite profiling allowed us to classify the five cultivars into three independent groups and the grouping was also explained by eight major primary metabolites as biomarkers. We selected three cultivars (Chunpoong, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang) to represent each group and analyzed their transcriptomes. We inspected 100 unigenes involved in seven primary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and found that 21 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were differentially expressed among the three cultivars. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed that the ginseng cultivars differ in primary metabolites as well as in the putative genes involved in the complex process of primary metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our data derived from this integrated analysis provide insights into the underlying complexity of genes and metabolites that co-regulate flux through these pathways in ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.82-85
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• 2000

The aqueous ethanolic whole plant extract of Rosa arabica was found to contain the new natural dimeric phenolic compound, ellagic acid 3,3'-dimethyl ether $4-O-{\alpha}-rhamnopyranoside$, 9, along with ten known phenolic metabolites (1-8, 10 and 11). Structures of all compounds (1-11) were established by routine methods of analysis and confirmed by FAB-MS, $^1H\;and\;^{13}C$ NMR spectral analysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.518-521
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• 2000

Aspergillus niger is capable of metabolizing dimethyphthalate. The maximum weight of mycelium wa observed afterabout 6-8 dys of incubation. A TLC analysis revealed the accumulation of metabolites in the resting cell culture. Monomethylphthalate, phthalate, and protocatechuate were shown to be the intermediates by thin layer chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses. The fungus metabolized dimethylphthalate through monomethylphthalate, phthalate, and protocatechuate as evidenced by the oxygen uptake and an enzymatic analysis. The terminal aromatic metabolite, protocatechuate, is metabolized via the ortho-cleavage pathway.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 1998

The aqueous ethanolic leaf extract of Ailanthus altissima was found to contain the new natural product, $luteolin\;7-O-{\beta}-(6"-galloylglucopyranoside)$, 13, along with fourteen known phenolic metabolites (1-12, 14 and 15). Structures of all compounds (1-15) were established by conventional methods of analysis and confirmed by FAB-MS, $^1H-\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectral analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.368-374
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• 1998

The study was conducted on six multiparous Murrah buffaloes which were earlier artificially induced into lactation. During the experimental period of 15 days, buffaloes were managed in a loose housing system. All the buffaloes were administered a single injection of bromocryptine (@ $100{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) subcutaneously in the neck region at 08:30 A.M., 50 days postpartum (early lactation). Blood samples were collected from four buffaloes for a period of 5 days before the administration of bromocryptine i.e. on days -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, on day of treatment (day 0) and thereafter daily for a period of 9 days i.e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 to determine the hormones and blood metabolites. Homogeneous milk samples from all the buffaloes were collected at morning and evening milkings on days coinciding with the days of blood sampling for analysis of milk constituents. Administration of bromocryptine resulted in a significant inhibition of plasma prolactin within 24 hrs of treatment, but the response in all the buffaloes was not uniform. The effect of bromocryptine on plasma prolactin hormone lasted for 1-4 days but Cortisol concentration were not altered. Administration of bromocryptine neither affected blood glucose nor plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentration. Irrespective of level of milk production from different buffaloes, there was no effect of bromocryptine on milk yield which indicated that prolactin is not required for milk secretion during early lactation in buffaloes. Milk constituents like fat, protein and lactose were not affected by bromocryptine may be due to no effect of bromocryptine of milk yield.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1976

The influences of the mandibular displacement and valium administration on the muscular activity were observed by spectrophotometric analysis of glycogen, glucose, G-6-P, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, phosphocreatine ana protein. Experimental animals were divided into three groups; the first was the mandibular displacement group, the second was valium administered group and the third was the mandibular displacement and valium admministered group. In mandibular displacement group, the high inclined plane with a gap of 2.5mm to 3.0mm between the upper and lower incisors was created by setting the silver crowns on the lower incisors. By creating such a high inclined plane, the bite was opened and the mandible was dispalced posteriorly. In valium administered group, 5mg/kg body weight of valium was administered intraperitoneally every day until the animal was sacrificed. Results were as follows: I) The body weight of all experimental rats was decreased in the beginning of experimental periods. The body weight of the mandibular displacement group showed the similar increasing rate as the control group from 15 days of experimental period. 2) The superficial masseter muscles of the mandibular displacement group appeared to be decreased it's functional activity at 36hrs, 60hrs and 96hrs of experimental periods as revealed by the decrease of various metabolites studied in this experiment. From 96hrs of experimental periods, the contents of those metabolites tended to increase up to the control level. 3) The superficial masseter muscle of 2nd group showed the decreased value of all metabolites at until 60hrs and the values were recovered to almost the same as the control at 168hrs. 4) Glycogen and G-6-P contents induced by mandibular displacement plus valium administration, showed longer duration of the decreased value than 1st group. And the decrease of glucose and pyruvate contents induced by mandibular displacement at 36hrs and 60hrs of experimental periods was enhanced by valium administration. However, the contents of lactate in 3rd group were decreased continuously until the end of experiment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.2021-2026
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• 2011

AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) has been widely used for the commercial products, which have antimicrobial agent, medical devices, food industry and cosmetics. Despite, AgNPs have been reported as toxic to the mammalian cell, lung, liver, brain and other organs and many researchers have investigated the toxicity of AgNPs. In this study, we investigated toxicity of the AgNPs to the liver cell using metabolomics based on HRMAS NMR (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) technics, which could apply to the intact tissues or cells, to avoid the sample destruction. Target profiling and multivariative statistical analysis were performed to analyze the 1D $^1H$ spectrum. The results show that the concentrations of many metabolites were affected by the AgNPs in the liver cell. The concentrations of glutathione (GSH), lactate, taurine, and glycine were decreased and most of amino acids, choline analogues, and pyruvate were increased by the AgNPs. Moreover, the levels of the metabolites were recovered upto similar level of metabolites in the normal cell by the pre-treatment of NAC, external antioxidant. The results suggest that the depletion of the GSH by the AgNPs might induce the conversion of lactate and taurine to the pyruvate.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.385-393
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• 2000

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) procedure for the determination of amineptine (dihydro-10, 11-dibenzo[a, d] cycloheptenyl-5-amino-7-heptanoic acid) and its main metabolites in human urine was described. Amineptine has been known to be extensively metabolized by the ${\beta}$-oxidation of the heptanoic side chain with formation of pentanoic side chain metabolite ($C_5$-metabolite), and lactamizarion by internal dehydration of (${\beta}$-oxidized metabolite (${\delta}$-lactam). The detection of these compounds was based on acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and trimethylsilylated derivatization of the carboxylic acid group. For the determination of amineptine and its metabolites in biological fluids, selected ions at the m/ 192, molecular ion and one of the characteristic ions were monitored by GC/MS. On the excretion study of amineptine in human urine, 70-90% of amineptine, ${\delta}$-lactam, and $C_5$-metabolite were found to be excreted within 4 hours and their excretion completed within 20 hours.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.108-116
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• 2013

For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).