• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2011

Purpose: Although the risk factors of metabolic syndrome have been extensively studied, the association between osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome has remained unclear in Korean elderly women. Yet to be determined are the effect of risk factors of metabolic syndrome on osteoporosis in these subjects. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the risk factors of metabolic syndrome affect the bone mineral density in Korean elderly women. Methods: One hundred twenty one elderly women from a community center in Seoul elderly welfare center participated in this study. A structured questionnare was used to assess their demographics and lifestyles. Participants' anthropometric information was also obtained by measuring heights, weights, and waist circumferences. The blood samples were also obtained to measure blood glucoses and blood lipids. Bone mineral density was measured with the use of ultra sono. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our subjects was 58%. In multivariate regression analysis, fasting plasma glucose level (p=.036) and triglycerides (p=.006) were significant factors predicting bone mineral density after adjusting age and other factors of metabolic syndrome. In age-adjusted analysis, women with metabolic syndrome had significantly higher bone mineral density as compared to those without metabolic syndrome (p=.026). Conclusion: Bone mineral density among elderly Korean women is associated with the level of blood glucose and triglycerides.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.270-284
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• 2014

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of lifestyle factors in metabolic syndrome among adolescents. The metabolic syndrome has been reported as a cause of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adolescents. Method: This study is a cross-sectional study on 1,931 adolescents (1,011 boys and 920 girls) aged 12-19 years from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$-test, and logistic regression in consideration of strata, cluster, and weight as national data. Result: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents aged 12-19 years was 4.3% (Boys, 5.4%; Girls, 3.1%). Among lifestyle factors, BMI had significants influences on the metabolic syndrome risk, but other variables did not. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that further research is necessary on the effect of lifestyle factors in metabolic syndrome and that school health nurses should focus on implementation of effective programs for promotion of activity and healthy foods for prevention and intervention of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2009

Purpose: The survey-based study aimed to determine the distribution and clustering tendency of metabolic syndrome risk factors in urban residents, and cluster odds ratios. Methods: Cluster sampling involved 827 urban participants and analysis of the collected data. Results: Regarding the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors used for diagnosis, abdominal obesity was higher in women(69.5%) than in men(34.3%), high blood pressure was higher in men(57%) than in women(46.5%), and blood sugar was higher in men(6.9%) than in women(5.7%). Clustering increased with increasing body mass index(BMI), weight:height ratio(W/Ht) and abdominal obesity Risk factors for females were 1.7 times higher than for males. Participants with a family history of metabolic syndrome displayed related risk factors 1.5 times more than participants without a family history. Participants having a BMI ranking them as obese were 9.5 times more likely to display metabolic syndrome risk factors than non-obese participants. Obese participants were 20 times more likely to display risk factors than non-obese participants. Conclusion: BMI, W/Ht and abdominal obesity correlate with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors. The risk is increased by smoking and family history. Exercise weight control and non-smoking are recommended for comprehensive management of clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2023

Metabolic syndrome is a serious disease that can eventually lead to various complications, such as stroke and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors related to metabolic syndrome for its prevention and recognition and propose a nomogram that visualizes and predicts the probability of the incidence of metabolic syndrome. We conducted an analysis using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII) and identified 10 risk factors affecting metabolic syndrome by using the Rao-Scott chi-squared test, considering the characteristics of the complex sample. A naïve Bayesian classifier was used to build a nomogram for metabolic syndrome. We then predicted the incidence of metabolic syndrome using the nomogram. Finally, we verified the nomogram using a receiver operating characteristic curve and a calibration plot.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2009

Objectives: This study set out to investigate the relationship among the factors of metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria, their risk factors including general characteristics, and the distribution of the diagnosis criteria and risk among the adult residents of a rural community. Methods: Among 1,968 residents, those who had three or more of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, which include blood pressure, blood glucose, triglyceride, abdominal obesity, and HDL-C, were categorized as the metabolic syndrome group. And their correlations were analyzed. Results: As for the risk ratio with five factors of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria, it was high according to age and smoking. In addition, the results show that body fat percentage, hs-CRP, insulin, BMI, PP2, total cholesterol, and W/Ht also had much impact on increasing the risk ratio of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria. It turned out that metabolic syndrome was affected by the body mass index(BMI), insulin, waist to height ratio(W/Ht), and hs-CRP. It was 2.51 times crude odds ratio that BMI over the 25kg/m2 in the ratio of the fact of metabolic syndrome and adjusted for sex odds ratio 2.50times and W/Ht was 3.31times, adjusted for sex odds ratio 3.25 times. Conclusion: BMI, W/Ht and smoking of the general characteristics seem to have close relationships with high correlations between the metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria and the risk factors. Thus there is an urgent need to evaluate them and take interventions and monitoring measures for the clustering of risk factors.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.581-588
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of the study si to investigate correlation between metabolic syndrome risk factors and oral health status in workers and to propose the integrated and effective management measures. Methods : Subjects were 4,600 workers in industrial company. Data by medical checkup and oral examination were collected from July 13, 2010 to September 12, 2010. Self-reported questionnaire included general characteristics, job description, smoking, drinking, and metabolic syndrome risk factor indicators. Gingivitis, dental calculus and missing tooth tended to have more metabolic syndrome risk factors. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, correlation analysis, logistic regression using SPSS version 18.0. Results : Dental caries revealed 1.146 times higher than the control group. Risk group showed the following results; gingivitis was 1.317 times higher in risk group and 1.612 times in metabolic syndrome. Dental calculus was 1.532 times higher in risk group and 1.557 times in metabolic syndrome. Mssing teeth were 1.976 higher in metabolic syndrome. Conclusions : Metabolic syndrome risk factors had close correlation to poor raol health status. It is necessary to establish the effective plan for the oral health in workers.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and lifestyle factors related to the metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Methods: A total number of 122 elderly over 60 yr were recruited from a community elderly center. Elderly were classified into young old (60-74 yr) and old (75-84 yr). Metabolic syndrome was defined by third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Abdominal obesity was determined by Korean society for the study of Obesity criteria. The nutritional status was measured by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the old than young old elderly (p<0.05, respectively). Abdominal obesity and hypertension were the most common risk factors. The related factors to metabolic syndrome were high Body mass Index (BMI) and currently not participating in exercise. Abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension were associated with specific nutrient intakes. Conclusion: A strategy to decrease the metabolic syndrome in the elderly is urgently needed particularly so for the old elderly. A nutritional and exercise program for young old elders may be helpful reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later stage.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.796-805
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• 2010

This study investigated the correlations and risk distribution differences between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the diagnosis factors of metabolic syndrome among the residents of a rural community. Two thousand adults aged from 40 to 70 were recruited and 1,968 subjects were included in the study after excluding those with infectious disease or with hs-CRP higher than 10 mg/L in blood. The subjects were then divided into three groups of hs-CRP to examine the correlations and risk ratio with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. There was a tendency of hs-CRP increasing according to the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The risk ratio with hs-CRP according to metabolic syndrome significantly increased by 2.0 and 2.2 times in the intermediate and high risk group, respectively, compared with the low risk group. The risk ratio with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to hs-CRP rose in abdominal obesity, triglyceride, and W/Ht in the intermediate risk group of hs-CRP. The risk ratio also surged in high pressure, W/Ht, ex-drinking (1.7 times), exsmoking (2.0 times) and current smoking (2.0 times) in the high risk group. The results indicate that hs-CRP is related to the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and that it's very important to manage obesity including abdominal obesity and W/Ht and everyday habits including drinking and smoking.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2008

Purpose: Metabolic syndrome (also known as insulin resistance syndrome) represents a constellation of hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity. Presently, the influence of various factors on metabolic syndrome was assessed in patients of a university hospital comprehensive medical examination center. Methods: Age, sex, blood pressure, height, weight, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels were measured in 67 people (37 males and 30 females). These factors were correlated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and exercise habits. Metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity were assessed according to NCEP-ATP III criteria and the Asia-Pacific guidelines (male obesity defined as a waist circumference exceeding 90 cm), respectively. Data was analyzed using t-test, 2-test, and logistic regression. Results: Respective percentages were: tobacco use (14.9% of the 67 people), no tobacco use (85.1%), alcohol consumption (62.7%), no alcohol consumption (37.3%), regular exercise (25.4%), no regular exercise (74.6%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a gender-related odds ratio of 2.3 for metabolic syndrome and no exercise. Conclusions: Weight reduction and physical exercise may decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Early identification of metabolic syndrome and risk factor modification is prudent in cases of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome and the annual medical expenditures of metabolic syndrome among public officials. Methods: The National Health Insurance data in 2009 were collected for 364,932 public officials and the heath examination results and annual medical expenditures were analyzed using PASW 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 17.6%, and it was higher in male officials than that of females in all age groups. In men, the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome were: age, family history of stroke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and obesity. However, in women, health-related behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise did not affect metabolic syndrome. People who had metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher medical expenditures than those without metabolic syndrome. The odds ratios of having the highest quartile in medical expenditures were 1.372 (95% CI 1.252~1.504, p<.001) in women with metabolic syndrome and 1.213 (95% CI: 1.184~1.243, p<.001) in men. Conclusion: The results implied that health-related behaviors were associated with metabolic syndrome, and resulted in higher medical expenditures. In order not only to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome but also reduce medical expenditures, nurses should plan health promotion strategies to educate public officials about healthy life strategies.