• 한국인삼전략화협의회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국인삼전략화협의회 2003년도 제4차 한국인삼약초산업 전략화 세미나
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• pp.54-63
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• 2003

"Korea ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer) is an important medicinal plant. Its root has been used as an herbal medicine that provides resistance to stress and disease, and prevents exhaustion since the ancient time. Ginsenosides, glycosylated triterpene (saponin), are considered to be the main active compounds of the ginseng root. Despite of considerable commercial interests of ginsenosides, very little is known about the genes and their biochemical pathways for ginsenoside biosynthesis. This work will focus on the identification of genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and the dissection of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway using a functional genomics tool. Expression sequence tags (ESTs) provide a valuable tool to discovery the genes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We generated over 21,155 ginseng ESTs that is now sufficient to facilitate discovering the genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis such as oxidosqualene cyclase(OSC), cytochrome P450 and glycosyltransferase. With ESTs information, microarray technology will be used for the analysis of gene expression, and the identification of genes including transcription factors expressed in tissues under given experimental condition. Heterogous system such as yeast and plants will allow us to do the functional analysis. And selected ginseng hairy root which show variation in ginsenoside production will be used as a material for functional analysis of candidate gene. Functional genomics approach will successfully accelerate gene discovery, and also provide promises of metabolic engineering for the ginsenoside production."

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.13
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• 2023

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative aerobic diplococcus bacterium that primarily causes sexually transmitted infections through direct human sexual contact. It is a major public health threat due to its impact on reproductive health, the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance, and the lack of a vaccine. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach and performed subtractive genomic methods to identify potential drug targets against the core proteome of N. gonorrhoeae (12 strains). In total, 12,300 protein sequences were retrieved, and paralogous proteins were removed using CD-HIT. The remaining sequences were analyzed for non-homology against the human proteome and gut microbiota, and screened for broad-spectrum analysis, druggability, and anti-target analysis. The proteins were also characterized for unique interactions between the host and pathogen through metabolic pathway analysis. Based on the subtractive genomic approach and subcellular localization, we identified one cytoplasmic protein, 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain-containing protein (NGFG RS03485), as a potential drug target. This protein could be further exploited for drug development to create new medications and therapeutic agents for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae infections.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

조릿대 잎은 항염, 해열, 이뇨작용 등의 약리효과를 가지고 있어 예로부터 전통의약에서 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구팀은 열수 추출한 후 남는 잔사로부터 식물화합물을 다량으로 함유한 잔사 추출물(PRE)을 제조하는 방법을 보고 바 있다. 본 연구는PRE의 고요산 혈증 저감소재로서 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. Potassium oxonate(PO)로 유도한 고요산 혈증 생쥐 모델에서 PRE는 혈액 내의 요산, 요소 질소, 크레아틴 농도는 감소시켰고, 오줌 내의 요산과 크레아틴 농도는 증가하였다. 또한, PRE 투여한 고용산 혈증 생쥐에서 간 내 요산 농도와 xanthine oxidase 활성이 대조군에 비해 감소하였고, PRE는 PO에 의해 유도된 간 조직의 상해를 보호하였다. 이 결과는 PO로 유도된 고요산 혈증 생쥐에서 PRE는 항염증 및 세포보호 작용에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 부가적으로 PRE에 의한 신장조직에서 transcriptome의 반응 변화를 RNA 서열분석법으로 분석하였다. PRE는 주로 면역반응, 염증반응 및 대사과정에 관여하는 유전자의 발현에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 염증을 동반하는 고요산 혈증을 개선하는 소재로서의 PRE의 활용 가능성을 제시해 준다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2021

본 연구는 Cobb종 및 Ross 308종 육계가 동물복지 사육환경에 따라 나타내는 대사체학적 변화를 연구하기 위하여 수행되었다. 일반농장과 동물복지농장(사육면적, 사육밀도, 암모니아 농도, 볏짚 등 제공)에 1일령의 Cobb종 및 Ross종 육계를 35일간 사육하고, 도계 후 가슴육과 다리육을 채취하여 분석에 이용하였다. 대사체 분석은 one-dimensional ¹H 핵자기공명분광법을 이용하였고, 직교부분최소자승판별분석(OPLS-DA)과 대사경로 분석을 함께 수행하였다. OPLS-DA 결과 육계 가슴육은 Ross종에 한하여 사육농장간 뚜렷한 구분이 가능하였다. 동물복지농장 유래 Ross종 육계 가슴육은 acetate, anserine, creatine, inosine monophosphate 함량이 일반농장 닭가슴육에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 반면 육계 다리육은 OPLS-DA 결과 Cobb종 육계에서만 사육농장에 따른 구분이 뚜렷하게 나타났는데, glucose와 lactate를 포함한 5종의 대사체 함량은 동물복지농장에서 사육된 경우에 높았으나 7종의 유리아미노산을 포함한 9종의 대사체 함량은 낮았다(P<0.05). 대사경로 분석 결과 Ross종 육계 가슴육에서는 4종, Cobb종 육계 다리육에서는 glycolysis/gluconeogenesis를 포함한 20종의 대사경로에서 사육농장 간 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)가 나타났다. 동물복지농장에서 사육된 Ross종 육계 가슴육과 Cobb종 육계 다리육은 일반농장에서 사육된 경우와는 다른 대사체학적 특성을 나타냈으며, 특히 풍미 물질에의 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 관능적 특성에 영향을 미칠 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.189-203
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• 2016

Brassica oleraceae var capitata is a member of the Brassicaceae family and is widely used as an horticultural crop. In the present study, transcriptome analysis of B. oleraceae L. var capitata was done for the first time using eight-week old seedlings treated with $50{\mu}m$ MeJA, versus mock-treated samples. The complete transcripts for both samples were obtained using the GS-FLX sequencer. Overall, we obtained 275,570 and 266,457 reads from seedlings treated with or without $50{\mu}m$ MeJA, respectively. All the obtained reads were annotated using biological databases and functionally classified using gene ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG). By using GO analyses, putative transcripts were examined in terms of biotic and abiotic stresses, cellular component organization, biogenesis, and secondary metabolic processes. The KEGG pathways for most of the transcripts were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and secondary metabolite synthesis. In order to double the sequenced data, we randomly chose two putative genes involved in terpene biosynthetic pathways and studied their transcript patterns under MeJA treatment. This study will provide us a platform to further characterize the genes in B. oleracea var capitata.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.908-912
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• 2008

To achieve a higher succinic acid productivity and evaluate the industrial applicability, this study used Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7 (knock-out: ldhA, pflB, pta-ackA), which was recently designed to enhance the productivity of succinic acid and reduce by-product secretion. Anaerobic continuous fermentation of Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7 was carried out at different glucose feed concentrations and dilution rates. After extensive fermentation experiments, a succinic acid yield and productivity of 0.38 mol/mol and 1.77 g/l/h, respectively, were achieved with a glucose feed concentration of 18.0 g/l and $0.2\;h^{-1}$ dilution rate. A similar amount of succinic acid production was also produced in batch culture experiments. Therefore, these optimal conditions can be industrially applied for the continuous production of succinic acid. To examine the quantitative balance of the metabolism, a flux distribution analysis was also performed using the metabolic network model of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.29.1-29.11
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• 2020

Maize seed pigmentation is one of the important issue to develop maize seed breeding. The differently gene expression was characterized and compared for three inbred lines, such as the pigment accumulated seed (CM22) and non-pigmented seed (CM5 and CM19) at 10 days after pollination. We obtained a total of 63,870, 82,496, and 54,555 contigs by de novo assembly to identify gene expression in the CM22, CM5, and CM19, respectably. In differentially expressed gene analysis, it was revealed that 7,044 genes were differentially expressed by at least two-fold, with 4,067 upregulated in colored maize inbred lines and 2,977 upregulated in colorless maize inbred lines. Of them,18 genes were included to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, while 15 genes were upregulated in both CM22/5 and CM22/19. Additionally, 37 genes were detected in the metabolic pathway concern to the seed pigmentation by BINs analysis using MAPMAN software. Finally, these differently expressed genes may aid in the research on seed pigmentation in maize breeding programs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1196-1203
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• 2010

In the present work, methanethiol and dimethyldisulfide were investigated as sulfur sources for methionine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. In silico pathway analysis predicted a high methionine yield for these reduced compounds, provided that they could be utilized. Wild-type cells were able to grow on both methanethiol and dimethyldisulfide as sole sulfur sources. Isotope labeling studies with mutant strains, exhibiting targeted modification of methionine biosynthesis, gave detailed insight into the underlying pathways involved in the assimilation of methanethiol and dimethyldisulfide. Both sulfur compounds are incorporated as an entire molecule, adding the terminal S-$CH_3$ group to O-acetylhomoserine. In this reaction, methionine is directly formed. MetY (O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase) was identified as the enzyme catalyzing the reaction. The deletion of metY resulted in methionine auxotrophic strains grown on methanethiol or dimethyldisulfide as sole sulfur sources. Plasmid-based overexpression of metY in the ${\Delta}$metY background restored the capacity to grow on methanethiol or dimethyldisulfide as sole sulfur sources. In vitro studies with the C. glutamicum wild type revealed a relatively low activity of MetY for methanethiol (63 mU/mg) and dimethyldisulfide (61 mU/mg). Overexpression of metY increased the in vitro activity to 1,780 mU/mg and was beneficial for methionine production, since the intracellular methionine pool was increased 2-fold in the engineered strain. This positive effect was limited by a depletion of the metY substrate O-acetylhomoserine, suggesting a need for further metabolic engineering targets towards competitive production strains.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.613-619
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• 2016

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with changes in myocardial structure and function. This study sought to explore the ability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to modulate DCM and its related mechanisms. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) to mimic diabetes mellitus. Myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis were evaluated by histopathologic analyses, and relevant proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Inflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA. Markers of oxidative stress were tested by colorimetric analysis. Rats with DCM displayed decreased body weight, metabolic abnormalities, elevated apoptosis (as assessed by the bcl-2/bax ratio and TUNEL assays), increased fibrosis, increased markers of oxidative stress (MDA and SOD) and inflammatory factors (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$), and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-$3{\beta}$). IGF-1 treatment, however, attenuated the metabolic abnormalities and myocardial apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation seen in diabetic rats, while also increasing the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK-$3{\beta}$. These findings suggest that IGF-1 ameliorates the pathophysiological progress of DCM along with an activation of the Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$ signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that IGF-1 could be a potential therapeutic choice for controlling DCM.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.2087-2097
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• 2016

Most cold-adapted enzymes possess higher $K_m$ and $k_{cat}$ values than those of their mesophilic counterparts to maximize the reaction rate. This characteristic is often ascribed to a high structural flexibility and improved dynamics in the active site. However, this may be less convincing to cold-adapted metabolic enzymes, which work at substrate concentrations near $K_m$. In this respect, cold adaptation of a shikimate kinase (SK) in the shikimate pathway from psychrophilic Colwellia psychrerythraea (CpSK) was characterized by comparing it with a mesophilic Escherichia coli homolog (EcSK). The optimum temperatures for CpSK and EcSK activity were approximately $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The melting points were $33^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ for CpSK and EcSK, respectively. The ${\Delta}G_{H_2O}$ (denaturation in the absence of denaturing agent) values were 3.94 and 5.74 kcal/mol for CpSK and EcSK, respectively. These results indicated that CpSK was a cold-adapted enzyme. However, contrary to typical kinetic data, CpSK had a lower $K_m$ for its substrate shikimate than most mesophilic SKs, and the $k_{cat}$ was not increased. This observation suggested that CpSK may have evolved to exhibit increased substrate affinity at low intracellular concentrations of shikimate in the cold environment. Sequence analysis and homology modeling also showed that some important salt bridges were lost in CpSK, and higher Arg residues around critical Arg 140 seemed to increase flexibility for catalysis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CpSK exhibits characteristics of cold adaptation with unusual kinetic parameters, which may provide important insights into the cold adaptation of metabolic enzymes.