• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

MELAS 증후군은 다양한 임상 증상을 나타내는 복잡하고 다면적인 미토콘드리아 질환으로, 반복적인 뇌졸중 유사 에피소드, 발작, 당뇨병, 심근병증 등을 포함한다. 이러한 증상들은 뇌, 심장, 근육과 같은 대사적으로 활발한 조직에 미토콘드리아 기능 장애가 미치는 심각한 영향을 반영한다. 현재의 치료는 이러한 증상을 완화하고 미토콘드리아 기능을 개선하는 데 중점을 두고 있으며, 증상 치료, 고용량 비타민 요법 및 고용량 타우린 보충과 같은 혁신적인 접근 방식을 포함한다. 유전자 치료 및 미토콘드리아 표적 약물 분야의 새로운 치료법은 근본적인 유전자 돌연변이를 해결하고 미토콘드리아 건강을 향상시킬 수 있는 유망한 새로운 길을 제공한다. MELAS에 대한 이해가 계속 깊어짐에 따라, 유전자 검사 및 치료적 개입의 발전은 환자의 결과를 크게 개선할 가능성을 갖고 있다. MELAS 치료의 미래는 낙관적이며, 진행 중인 연구는 더 효과적이고 표적화된 치료법을 위한 길을 열어 이 질환의 부담을 줄이고 영향을 받는 개인들의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1443-1450
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• 2003

Crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) calves were used from birth till 14 weeks of age to evaluate three sources of protein that differed in ruminal degradability viz. groundnut cake alone (HD) or in combination with cottonseed meal (MD) and meat and bone meal (LD), when fed along with two sources of non-structural carbohydrates viz. raw (R) and thermally processed (P) maize. Twenty four new born calves were arranged in six groups in a $3{\times}2$ factorial design and fed on whole milk up to 56 d of age. All the different calves received calf startes along with green oats (Avena sativa) from 14 d of age onwards free-choice. A metabolism trial of 6d starters duration, conducted after 90 d of experimental feeding, revealed greater (p<0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, total carbohydrates, NDF and ADF in calves fed on the P diets than on the R diets promoting greater (p<0.05) metabolizable energy intake. The digestibility of NDF was higher (p<0.01) on LD diets where as calves on MD diets exhibited significantly lower digestibility of ADF (p<0.01). The retention of nitrogen per unit metabolic body size was significantly (p<0.05) higher on the LD-P diet than on the diet HD-P which, in turn, was higher (p<0.05) than that of HD-R. Nitrogen retention as percentage of intake was significantly greater (p<0.05) on LD-P than on LD-R diets (52.2 vs. 36.4%). Also, P fed calves utilized nitrogen more efficiently than the R fed as shown by retention of significantly greater proportions of intake (47.4 vs. 40.9%) and absorbed (65.8 vs. 59.5%) nitrogen. Calorimetric evaluation of the diets through open-circuit respiration chamber revealed that the dietary treatments had no impact on methane production by calves. The intake of DE and ME was improved (p<0.01) because of maize processing resulting in greater (p<0.01) retention of energy. The protein degradability exerted no influence on the partitioning or retention of energy. A significant interaction between cereal and protein types was evident with respect to retention of both nitrogen (p<0.01) and energy (p<0.05). In conclusion, no discernible trend in the influence of cereal processing was apparent on the dietary protein degradability, but the positive effect of cereal processing on energy retention diminished with the increase in dietary undegradability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted as a $3{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or $862{\mu}m$), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) with an initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.8kg$ were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days. Results: A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method. Conclusion: Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.909-915
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 방사선 조사 오렌지의 수입 가능성이 높아짐에 따라 이들의 안전성을 검토할 목적으로 0.5, 1 kGy 감마선 조사 수입 오렌지의 복귀돌연변이 시험, 소핵 및 염색체 이상시험의 유전독성학적 안전성 평가를 수행하였다. S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 및 TA1537에 대한 감마선 조사 수입 오렌지(0.5, 1 kGy)의 복귀변이 집락수를 조사한 결과, 대사활성계 도입 및 부재 시 0.625~10 mg/plate의 범위에서 복귀변이 집락수의 농도 의존적인 증가 혹은 감소를 보이지 않았다. 포유류 배양세포를 이용한 염색체이상시험에서 0.5, 1 kGy 감마선 조사 수입 오렌지는 1.25~10 mg/mL의 시험적용 용량에서 염색체이상 유발능이 5% 미만이어서 염색체이상을 유발하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 설치류 망상적혈구를 이용한 소핵형성 시험을 수행한 결과, 시험적용 용량인 250~2,000 mg/kg의 범위에서 0.5, 1 kGy 감마선 조사 수입 오렌지는 소핵을 가진 망상적혈구의 출현율이 음성대조군과 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않아 소핵을 유발하지 않음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과, 0.5, 1 kGy 감마선 조사 수입 오렌지는 본 시험조건에서 유전독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

The effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level, and potential interactions of these two factors were investigated in term of energy metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper${\times}$Small-tail Han sheep, male, mean initial body weight = 22.96 kg${\pm}$2.60 kg) were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ${\mu}g$/kg, 400 $\mu{g}$/kg or 800 ${\mu}g$/kg from chromium yeast) and protein levels (low protein: 157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, or high protein: 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding trial. The lambs were then sacrificed and tissue samples were frozen for further analysis. Chromium at 400 ${\mu}g$/kg decreased fasting insulin level and the ratio of plasma insulin to glucagon, but these differences were not statistically significant; in contrast, chromium at 800 ${\mu}g$/kg increased the ratio significantly (p<0.05). Protein at the high level increased plasma tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) level (p = 0.060). Liver glycogen content was increased significantly by Cr (p<0.05), which also increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity. At 400 ${\mu}g$/kg, Cr increased muscle hexokinase (HK) activity. High protein significantly increased G-6-Pase activities in both the liver (p<0.05) and the kidney (p<0.05), but significantly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.05). For HSL activity in adipose tissue, a Cr${\times}$CP interaction (p<0.05) was observed. Overall, Cr improved energy metabolism, primarily by promoting the glycolytic rate and lipolytic processes, and these regulations were implemented mainly through the modulation by Cr of the insulin signal transduction system. High protein improved gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney. The interaction of Cr${\times}$CP indicated that 400 $\mu{g}$/kg Cr could reduce energy consumption in situations where energy was being conserved, but could improve energy utilization when metabolic rate was increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1624-1632
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• 2020

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NE_m) and weight gain (NE_g) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method. Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-day-old. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content. Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NE_m value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW^0.75/d, and the NE_g value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (K_f) and crude protein (K_p) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (K_g) and maintenance efficiency (K_m) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW^0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of variety and planting year on the nutritive values of corn fed to growing pigs. Four corn varieties examined in this experiment were planted in the same village located in Longhua County, Heibei Province, China, in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. During each year, corn was hand-harvested in early October and sun dried to about 14% moisture content. Three batches of twenty-four barrows ($33.27{\pm}4.30$, $31.88{\pm}2.93$, $34.21{\pm}3.81kg$ body wight [BW] in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively) were used and allotted to a complete block design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were individually placed in metabolic crates. The four experimental diets were formulated by mixing each variety of corn and vitamins and minerals, respectively. A five-day collection period followed a seven-day diet acclimation period. The results indicated that variety of corn significantly influenced the available energy content (digestible energy [DE] on dry matter basis, p<0.05; metabolizable energy (ME) on dry matter basis, p<0.05, respectively), and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (p<0.01), dry matter (p<0.05), gross energy (p<0.05), neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber and ether extract (p<0.05). The planting year also significantly influenced the available energy contents (DE on dry matter basis, p<0.05; ME on dry matter basis, p<0.01, respectively) and the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber (p<0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), and ether extract (p<0.01). No interaction was observed between the variety and planting year in DE and ME contents in corn. In conclusion, the variety and planting year significantly influenced the available energy and nutrient digestibility of corn fed to growing pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 1983

사료급여량이 옥수수와 대두박의 TME(AM $E_{F}$ )와 TME(AM $E_{FC}$ )가에 미치는 영향과 사료의 형태(단미와 배합)가 옥수수의 TME가에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수 대두박의 AME, AM $E_{F}$ 가는 공히 각급이수준간 현저한 유의차(P＜.05)가 있었으며, 특히 50mg 급이수준에서 옥수수, 대두박 공히 가장 높았다. 반면 옥수수의 AME 가는 50과 75mg 합이수준간에는 유의차(P＞.05)가 없었다. 2. 옥수수의 TME와 AM $E_{FC}$ 가는 각 급이수준간 유의차가 없었던(P＞.05) 반면 대두박은 각 수준간 현저한 차가(P＜.05) 있었다. 5 mg 급이수준에서 대두박의 AM $E_{FC}$ TME 가가 가장 높은 사실은 특히 대두박의 경우에는 TME 측정상 문제점이 있음을 지적하는 것이다. 3. 단미 또는 배합사료 형태로 측정한 옥수수의 TME가는 두 형태간 유의성은 없었다. (P＞.05)

• 동물자원연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2017

본 연구는 고온기 때 사료 내 다른 에너지 수준 및 비테인 첨가 급여가 육성돈의 영양소 소화율 및 생리학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 삼원교잡종($L{\times}Y{\times}D$; initial body weight, $73.5{\pm}0.5kg$) 거세 수퇘지 12두를 사용하였고 대사틀에 배치하였다. 실험기간은 고온기인 7~8월에 실시하였다. 실험계획은 에너지 2수준(3,300 및 3,400kcal/kg)과 비테인 2수준(0 및 0.5%)이며 $4{\times}4$ Latin square로 하였다. 조단백질 소화율은 고에너지 사료(3,400kcal/kg)가 저에너지 사료보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 그러나, 비테인급여는 영양소소화율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 분석 결과에서는 에너지 수준 및 비테인 첨가가 육성돈 내 생리적 변화를 보이지 않았다. 면역반응을 나타내는 혈중 IgG에서는 고에너지 사료가 저에너지사료보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 스트레스 지표를 나타내는 cortisol농도에서는 차이가 나지 않았고, 비테인 첨가급여는 IgG 및 cortisol 농도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 내 비테인 첨가급여보다 에너지 수준을 높이는 것이 돼지 체내에 더 긍정적인 효과를 보이며, 여름철 고온스트레스를 받는 돼지 사료 내 고에너지를 급여했을 때 어떠한 결과가 나오는지 추후 더 연구해 볼 만한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. Methods: In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of $35.9{\pm}0.6kg$ were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}4$ factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs ($35.2{\pm}9.0kg\;BW$) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). Results: In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. Conclusion: Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.