• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.78-93
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• 2017

The purposes of this study were to assess energy expenditure of eight walking activities in normal weight and overweight or obese high school students and to evaluate the accuracy of two accelerometers worn on the ankle and waist. Thirty-five (male 17, female 18) healthy high school students participated in this study. They were classified into normal weight (n=21) and overweight or obese (n=14) groups. The subjects completed five treadmill walking activities (TW2.4, TW3.2, TW4.0, TW4.8, TW5.6), followed by three self-selected hallway walking activities (walk as if walking and talking with a friend: HWL, walk as if hurrying across the street at a cross-walk: HWB, walk as fast as you can but do not run: HWF). Energy expenditure and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured using a portable indirect calorimeter, and predicted energy expenditures and METs were derived from two accelerometers placed on the ankle and waist. Measured energy expenditures per body weight (kg) of eight walking activities were significantly higher in the normal weight group than in the obese group and significantly higher in female than male. The ankle accelerometer overestimated energy expenditures and METs (bias 49.4~105.5%), whereas the waist accelerometer underestimated energy expenditures and METs (bias -30.3~-85.8). Except for HWF (fast) activity, METs of seven activities were moderate intensity based on Compendium METs intensity categories. HWF (fast) activity was vigorous intensity. METs from the ankle accelerometer were vigorous intensity except TW2.4 activity (moderate intensity). METs from the waist accelerometer were low intensity (TW2.4, TW3.2, TW4.0, TW4.8, HWL) and moderate intensity (TW5.6, HWB, HWF). Physical activity guidelines were developed based on measured physical activity level of high school students. Further studies should investigate the effects of body composition in larger subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.247-257
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• 2016

본 연구에서 2013~2014 국민건강영양조사 중 정량적 식품섭취빈도조사로 분석된 라면의 섭취 빈도 및 섭취량에 근거하여, 성인 남녀의 라면 섭취 실태 및 라면 섭취 정도에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태, 대사적 지표를 비교하고 이들과의 관련성을 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 우리나라 성인에서 라면의 섭취 빈도는 주당 1.2회 (남성 1.4회, 여성 0.9회)였으며, 섭취량은 주당 1.2개 (남성 1.5개, 여성 0.8개)로 나타났다. 주당 1개 이상의 라면을 섭취하는 군 (라면 고섭취군)과 미만으로 섭취하는 군 (라면 저섭취군)으로 분류하여 분석시, 라면 고섭취군의 경우 라면 저섭취군에 비해 연령은 유의적으로 낮았고, 허리둘레, 혈중 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤 및 HDL-콜레스테롤 수준이 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 영양소 섭취에서 라면 고섭취군은 라면 저섭취군에 비해 총 열량 및 지방, 나트륨 및 비타민 $B_2$의 섭취 밀도는 유의적으로 높은 반면, 탄수화물, 인, 철, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_1$, 나이아신 및 비타민 C의 섭취 밀도는 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였다. 또한 전체 대상자에서 교란인자의 보정 후 라면 섭취가 가장 높은 Q4군은 라면 섭취 정도가 가장 낮은 Q1군에 비해 고혈당의 odds ratio가 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1~1.8)였으며 (p for trend = 0.003), 여성에서는 라면 섭취 정도가 가장 높은 Q4군에서 Q1군에 비해 복부비만의 위험률이 60% (95% CI: 1.2~2.2) 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p for trend = 0.03). 이와 같은 결과는 라면의 섭취가 상대적으로 높은 우리나라에서 라면의 질적, 양적 섭취와 대사적 위험성을 의미하는 지표와의 관련성을 제안할 수 있는 근거자료가 될 수 있으며, 향후 라면 섭취가 건강상태에 미치는 영향에 관한 영양교육시 활용할 수 있는 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.74-84
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 2013년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 30~64세 무직을 제외한 근로자 1,750명 (남성 892명, 여성 858명)을 대상으로 화이트칼라와 블루칼라로 직업군을 분류하였으며 이를 통해 직업군에 따른 대사증후군의 구성요소와 유병률 및 영양 상태를 비교 연구하였다. 그 결과 대사증후군 영향 요인으로 작용하는 사회경제적 지표인 교육수준과 소득수준에서 남녀 모두 화이트칼라가 블루칼라보다 높았다. 대사증후군 유병률을 살펴보았을 때, 남성의 경우 블루칼라 35.1%, 화이트칼라 26.8%로 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 높게 나타났으며, 여성의 경우 블루칼라 24.8%, 화이트칼라 8.9%로 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 대사증후군 유병률이 높았다. 남녀를 비교하였을 때는 여성보다 남성에서 대사증후군 유병률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 대사증후군 구성요소의 유병률에서는 남성의 경우 고혈당이 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 유의적으로 유병률이 높았으며 여성의 경우 복부 비만, 고혈압, 고혈당, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증 모두 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 유의적으로 유병률이 높았다. 음식군별 1회 섭취량을 고려하여 주당 섭취빈도를 살펴본 결과 직업군별 남성의 경우 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 밥류의 주당 섭취빈도가 많았으며 빵 떡류의 주당 섭취빈도는 화이트칼라가 블루칼라보다 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다. 여성의 경우는 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 국 찌개류의 주당 섭취빈도가 많았으며 과일류의 주당 섭취빈도는 화이트칼라가 블루칼라보다 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다. 영양소 섭취량은 총 에너지 섭취량을 제외한 나머지 영양소 섭취량에서 남녀 모두 화이트칼라가 블루칼라보다 많이 섭취하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 남녀 모두 대사증후군 유병률은 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 높았으며 특히, 여성의 블루칼라에서 대사증후군과 그 구성요소의 유병률 비율이 높게 나타나 대사증후군 중재 및 예방을 위한 영양교육이 필요할 것이다. 또한, 남녀 모두 블루칼라가 화이트칼라보다 영양소 섭취 및 식사의 질이 전반적으로 저조한 것으로 나타나 블루칼라의 올바른 식습관 개선이 필요하다고 사료된다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 성별에 따른 직업유형별 대사증후군 유병률과 영양소 섭취 상태가 상이하므로 이를 고려한 근로자들의 질병 예방을 위한 맞춤형 영양교육 서비스가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.555-560
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• 2008

The effects of utilizing evaporative cooling system equipped with tunnel ventilation on postpartum ovarian activities, energy balance and milk production of early lactating dairy cows under hot and humid climates were studied from parturition to 22 wk postpartum. Thirty-four crossbred Holstein-Friesian (93.75% HF$\times$.25% Bos indicus) primiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Cooled cows (n = 17; treatment) were housed in the tunnel ventilated barn equipped with evaporative cooling system and uncooled (n = 17; control) were housed in the naturally ventilated barn without supplemental cooling system. Cooled cows had greater (p<0.05) dry matter intake and milk production than uncooled cows. Days to the energy balance (EB) nadir did not differ between groups. However, days to equilibrium EB for uncooled cows was longer (p<0.05) than for cooled cows. There was no significant difference in postpartum anovular condition between cooled and uncooled cows. The interval from parturition to first postpartum ovulation did not differ between groups ($31.4{\pm}4.3$ and $26.1{\pm}3.6$ day, respectively). These results suggest that the evaporative cooling and tunnel ventilation has the potential to decrease the severity of heat stress and improve both milk production and metabolic efficiency during early lactation without affecting reproductive function in dairy cows under hot and humid climates.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and $VO_{2}$ by BMI The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and $VO_{2}$ were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and $VO_{2}$ by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above $20\%$. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ group was very low ($55\%$ of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI Only in the BMI 18.5 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in $VO_{2}$peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

• 한국실천공학교육학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2011

공학교육의 좋은 예제로써 ET 운동 시 신체가 반응하는 Respiratory Exchange Ratio (호흡교환률 RER, epm)와 Heart Rate (심장박동률 HR, bpm)의 변화분석이다. 에너지소비량, 운동속도, 그리고 체중감량이 달라질 경우 이에 반응하는 혈관순환계에 대한 Health Training Cardiorespiratory 반응을 통해 호흡교환률(RER)과 심장박동률(HR)의 변화에 대해서 연구되어졌다. 연구결과에 따르면 (1)열소비량이 늘어날수록 호흡교환률(RER)은 지속적으로 일정하게 상승하는 반면 심장박동률(HR)은 서서히 상승하다가 임계점을 지나면 갑자기 크게 증가함을 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 그 임계점이 대략 275 Cal 였다. (2)운동속도가 서서히 증가함에 따라서 RER은 역시 서서히 증가하는 반면 HR은 임계점(약 6.7km/h)까지는 서서히 증가하지만 이후에서는 급격한 증가를 보인다. (3)체중감량이 서서히 증가할 때 (또는, 대사 소비량이 늘어남에 따라서) RER은 역시 서서히 증가하였으나 HR은 체중감량과는 무관함을 보였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제18D권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 3축 가속도 센서를 소형 디바이스(활동량 측정기)로 구성하고 이를 사람의 신체에 착용하고 사람이 보행 시 발생하는 가속도 센서의 Raw 데이터 출력 값을 획득하여 실시간 활동량으로 변환하고 모니터링 할 수 있는 활동량 측정기와 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 피험자 59명을 대상으로 트레드밀(Treadmill)에서 호흡가스대사분석기(K4B2), Actical 그리고 본 연구에서 개발된 활동량 측정기를 착용 후 36분 동안 테스트 프로토콜에 따라 다양한 속력의 걸음(느리게 걷기, 걷기, 빠르게 걷기, 천천히 뛰기, 뛰기, 빠르게 뛰기)에 대해서 실험을 하였다. 가속도 센서의 출력 데이터와 피험자 정보를 이용하여 에너지소비량(Energy Expenditure :EE)을 추정하는 회귀식을 도출하였으며 이는 실험시 같이 착용한 Actical보다 제안하는 활동량 변환 알고리즘의 성능이 1.61% 향상 되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2016

Domestic sewerage treatment plant is operated by activated sludge method and its modified method by using microorganism. In most cases, a method of using microorganism is directly controlled by the operator based on individual judgment through factors of DO, pH and ORP. In addition, under aerobic condition in bioreactor, energy consumption including excessive air injection is learned to be somewhat plenty. In order to solve this problem, in most of the process, improvement of internal recycling and activated environmental factor of microorganism were researched extensively. However, as factors are changed depending on various conditions, it is not sufficient as an indicator of judgment. As such, a research on operation of bioreactor that measures metabolic change in short time by directly measuring activated condition of microorganism using NADH fluorometer is required in reality.It is considered that the method like this could supplement problem of energy consumption being occurred in the existing treatment method and operational optimization of bioreactor would be enabled by controlling optimal air volume. Therefore, in this study, in order to obtain optimal operational indicator of bioreactor, proper air volume control test was performed and through batch test and site evaluation, possibility of NADH sensor being utilized as operational control indicator of bioreactor is intended to be analyzed. In order to compare with measured value, DO, ORP that are operational control indicator of existing bioreactor were used. As MLSS concentration was increased through batch test, NADH value was increased and site evaluation also showed similar tendency to batch test. Resultantly, it could be confirmed that changing level of NADH fluorometer was a sensor that could measure bioreactor condition effectively and optimized scale of bioreactor is considered to be utilized.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2723-2729
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• 2013

Background: To investigate the internal validity of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed for use in Chinese women and to compare habitual dietary intakes between population and hospital controls measured by the FFQ. Materials and Methods: A quantitative FFQ and a short food habit questionnaire (SFHQ) were developed and adapted for cancer and nutritional studies. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed in 814 Chinese women aged 18-81 years (407 outpatients and 407 population controls) by face-to-face interview using the FFQ in Shenyang, Northeast China in 2009-2010. The Goldberg formula (ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate, EI/BMR) was used to assess the validity of the FFQ. Correlation analyses compared the SFHQ variables with those of the quantitative FFQ. Differences in dietary intakes between hospital and population controls were investigated. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: The partial correlation coefficients were moderate to high (0.42 to 0.80; all p<0.05) for preserved food intake, fat consumption and tea drinking variables between the SFHQ and the FFQ. The average EI/BMR was 1.93 with 88.5% of subjects exceeding the Goldberg cut-off value of 1.35. Hospital controls were comparable to population controls in consumption of 17 measured food groups and mean daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients. Conclusions: The FFQ had reasonable validity to measure habitual dietary intakes of Chinese women. Hospital outpatients provide a satisfactory control group for food consumption and intakes of energy and nutrients measured by the FFQ in a Chinese hospital setting.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.316-321
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• 1994

We investigated the possibility of industrial application and economit process of high temperature fermentation by thermotolerant alcohol producing yeasts as previously reported. From the 20% glucose media, the RA-74-2 produced 11.8% (v/v) ethanol at $32^{\circ}C$ (0.5% inoculum) and 10.6% (v/v) ethanol at $40^{\circ}C$ (3% inoculum), respectively. Also, 11.3% (v/v) ethanol was produced for 96 hours in the temperature-gradient fermentation. These results suggest that the RA-74-2 could isuccessfully be applied to save the cooling water and energy in industrial scale without re-investment or modification of established fermentation systems. When potato starch was used as the substrate for the RA-74-2, high temperature fermentation above $40^{\circ}C$ was more appropriate for industrial utilization because organic nitrogen was not necessary to economical fermentation. As the naked barley media just prior to industrial inoculation, taken from the Poongkuk alcohol industry Co., were used, 9.6% (v/v) ethanol was produced at $40^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in jar-fermentor scale (actually, 9.5-9.8% (v/v) ethanol was produced at 30~$32^{\circ}C$ for 100 hours in industrial scale). The ethanol productivity was increased by the high glucoamylase activity as well as the high metabolic ratio at $40^{\circ}C$ Therefore, if the thermotolerant yeast RA-74-2 would be used in industrial scale, we could obtain a high productivity and saving of the cooling water and energy. Meanwhile, the RA-912 produced 6%(v/v) ethanol in 10% glucose media at $45^{\circ}C$ and showed the less ethanol-tolerance compared with industrial strains. As the produced alcohol was recovered by the vacuum evaporator at $45^{\circ}C$ in 15% glucose media, the final fermentation ratio was enhanced (76% of theoretical yields). This suggest that a hyperproductive process could be achieved by a continuous input of the substrate and continuous recovery of the product under vacuum in high cell-density culture.