• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.510-517
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• 2008

본 연구는 대사증후군 유병률을 조사하고, 대사증후군 대상자들의 영양소 섭취의 특성과 성별과 연령별에 따른 영양소 섭취의 차이를 분석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 1) 대사증후군 유병률은 남자 17%, 여자 4.5%로 전체 평균 10.3%를 나타냈다. 2) 조사대상자의 평균 연령은 정상군 39.0세, 대사증후군 42.8세였으며, BMI는 정상군 22.5 $kg/m^2$보다 대사증후군 대상자등이 27.5 $kg/m^2$로 대사증후군이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 혈당, 중성지방, 이완기 혈압에서 정상군보다 대사증후군 대상자들이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.001). 3) 영양소 섭취에서 열량은 정상군 1,699.5 kcal보다 대사증후군 대상자들이 2,047.1 kcal로 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.001), 동물성지방(p<0.01), 콜레스테롤(p<0.001), 나트륨(p<0.05)의 섭취도 유의적으로 높은 섭취량을 나타냈다. 4) 성별에 따라서 대사증후군 대상자들의 영양소 섭취의 특성은 남녀 모두 정상군보다 대사증후군대상자들의 열량섭취가 높았다. 남자는 지방(p<0.05), 콜레스테롤(p<0.01)에서, 여자는 탄수화물(p<0.05), 단백질(p<0.05)에서 정상군보다 대사증후군 대상자들이 높은 섭취량을 나타냈다. 5) 연령별에 따라서 대사증후군 대상자들의 영양소 섭취의 특성을 살펴보면 30대는 열량, 동물성지방, 콜레스테롤에서, 40대는 지방과 콜레스테롤에서, 50대는 열량, 탄수화물, 식물성지방에서 정상군보다 대사증후군 대상자들이 유의적으로 높은 섭취량을 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과 전체대상자의 영양소 섭취 특성은 총열량, 동물성지방, 콜레스테롤, 나트륨에서 정상군보다 대사증후군 대상자들이 유의적으로 높은 섭취량을 나타냈다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.441-455
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake. Conclusions: Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

This paper aims to present a model of obesity and leanness based on eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine. I analyzed the theory of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism, yang transforming ki and eum forming the body on Korean medicine, and compared them with energy homeostasis by anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine. In the eum and yang theory, the metabolic process of the human body is dominated by synergism and antagonism between eum force and yang force. When the balance of eum and yang collapses, all the pathological actions of the human body appear, and in the eum and yang metabolic process, an imbalance between yang transforming ki and eum forming the body occurs. The function of yang transforming ki is reduced to ki deficiency, and the function of eum forming the body is increased to blood excess. When blood excess and ki deficiency is given, energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, overweight and obesity occur. On the contrary, the function of yang transforming ki is increased to ki excess, and the function of eum forming the body is decreased to blood deficiency. When ki excess and blood deficiency is done, energy intake decreases and energy expenditure increases, the body becomes leanness. When the balance of eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism collapses and becomes blood excess and ki deficiency, overweight and obesity occur, and when ki excess and blood deficiency is done, the body becomes leanness. The energy homeostasis of the human body can be explained by eum, yang, ki and blood metabolism of Korean medicine and it contains the concept of anabolism and catabolism of modern medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2014

본 연구는 제1기~제4기 국민건강영양조사 (1998~2009) 자료를 이용하여 10~18세 청소년을 대상으로 고탄수화물 식사 그룹 (HCLF)과 고지방 식사 그룹 (LCHF)의 식사 특성이 대사증후군 위험요인에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 1) 에너지 섭취비율은 HCLF 그룹의 경우 탄수화물 : 단백질 : 지질이 76.3 : 12.6 : 11.1 인 반면, LCHF 그룹의 경우 52.9 : 14.7 : 32.4 로 두 그룹 간 유의적 차이가 났으며, 에너지 섭취는 HCLF 그룹이 1,733.1 kcal로 LCHF 그룹의 2,233.0 kcal에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 2) 두 그룹 간 에너지 섭취를 연령별 에너지 필요 추정량에 대비해 평가해보니 HCLF 그룹은 평균 79.0%를 충족하였고, LCHF 그룹은 100.3%를 충족하였다. 3) 에너지 섭취 보정을 위해 1,000 kcal 당의 영양소 밀도로 평가해보면 HCLF 그룹은 탄수화물, 나트륨, 철, 칼륨, 비타민 C의 섭취량은 유의적으로 높았으나, 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신의 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았다. 4) 대사증후군 위험요인을 비교해보면, HCLF 그룹에서 LCHF 그룹에 비해 혈청 중성지질 농도와 수축기 혈압은 유의적으로 높았고, 혈청 HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 낮았다. 다른 지표들은 두 그룹 간 차이가 없었다. 5) HCLF 그룹과 LCHF 그룹 간에 대사증후군 위험요인의 위험도와 대사증후군의 교차비는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 청소년 시기에도 고탄수화물 섭취가 대사증후군 지표에 영향을 미친다는 것을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 우리나라 탄수화물 섭취는 매우 높은 편이어서 앞으로 이 시기의 탄수화물의 질적, 양적 섭취 수준과 대사질환과의 관련성 연구가 더 이루어져야 하며, 성인기 만성질환으로의 이행에도 관련이 있으므로 장기적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1989

Growing and finishing Korean native bulls were used to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on performance and energy intake. Experimental observations were made over three weight categories (200 to 250 kg, 250 to 350 kg and 350 to 450 kg). Three diets (2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal ME/kg DM) were used for each weight category. Crude protein levels of the diets were 12, 11 and 10% for the respective weight groups. Dietary energy level did not significantly affect daily body gain within a weight range but daily body gain during the entire experiment was higher (P<.05) in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets. The following equation was developed to predict daily body gain(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;1.3.475X\;-\;2.5949X^{2}\;-\;16.355$ Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) decreased daily feed intake. The following equation was developed to predict daily feed intake(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-30.013X\;+\;5.4401X^{2}\;+\;49.119$ Feed intake per metabolic body size during the entire feeding period ranged from 100.9 to 110.8 g and was lower in bulls fed 2.6 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets than in those fed 2.4 Mcal energy diet. Increasing energy levels significantly (P<.05) improved feed efficiency. The following equation was developed to predict feed efficiency(Y) from energy levels(X) of ration. $Y\;=\;-118.34X\;+\;22.448X^{2}\;+\;162.85$ Daily energy intake during the entire experiment ranged from 18.90 to 19.99 Mcal and there was no significant difference among energy levels. Daily energy intake per metabolic body size during the feeding period ranged from 248.6 to 260.8 kcal and was slightly higher in bulls receiving 2.8 Mcal than in those fed 2.4 and 2.6 Mcal energy diets. Energy required per kg body gain ranged from 17.25 to 19.11 Mcal and was slightly lower in bulls receiving 2.6 Mcal energy diet than in those fed 2.4 and 2.8 Mcal energy diets.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.692-702
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• 2015

Lactobacillus mucosae is a natural resident of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and a potential probiotic bacterium. To understand the global protein expression profile and metabolic features of L. mucosae LM1 in the early stationary phase, the QExactive^TM Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer was used. Characterization of the intracellular proteome identified 842 proteins, accounting for approximately 35% of the 2,404 protein-coding sequences in the complete genome of L. mucosae LM1. Proteome quantification using QExactive^TM Orbitrap MS detected 19 highly abundant proteins (> 1.0% of the intracellular proteome), including CysK (cysteine synthase, 5.41%) and EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu, 4.91%), which are involved in cell survival against environmental stresses. Metabolic pathway annotation of LM1 proteome using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database showed that half of the proteins expressed are important for basic metabolic and biosynthetic processes, and the other half might be structurally important or involved in basic cellular processes. In addition, glycogen biosynthesis was activated in the early stationary phase, which is important for energy storage and maintenance. The proteogenomic data presented in this study provide a suitable reference to understand the protein expression pattern of lactobacilli in standard conditions

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2017

Irisin is a novel hormone like polypeptide that is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), a membrane-spanning protein and which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and liver. Since its discovery in 2012, it has been the subject of many researches due to its potent physiological role. It is believed that understanding irisin's function may be the key to comprehend many diseases and their development. Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Irisin is a powerful messenger, sending the signal to determine the function of specific cells, like skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, heart, fat and the brain. The action of irisin on different targeted tissues or organs in human being has revealed its physiological functions for promoting health or executing the regulation of variety of metabolic diseases. Numerous studies focus on the association of irisin with metabolic diseases which has gained great interest as a potential new target to combat type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Irisin is found to improve insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by increasing sensitization of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle and heart by improving hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, promoting pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell functions, and transforming white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue. This review is a thoughtful attempt to summarize the current knowledge of irisin and its effective role in mediating metabolic dysfunctions in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 국민건강영양조사 2016-2019년 자료 중 성인을 대상으로 대사증후군의 위험요인 탐색하고, 성별에 따른 위험요인의 차이를 규명하여 대사증후군 예방 및 치료에 기초자료로 제공하기 위함이다. 다양한 선행연구를 통해 대사증후군 위험요인을 수집하고, 4개의 머신러닝(Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest)의 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 남성과 여성 모두에서 Random Forest의 대사증후군 예측 정확도가 높았다. 대사증후군 유병에 영향을 주는 상위 위험요인으로는 여성과 남성 모두에서 BMI, 식이(지방, 비타민 C, 비타민 A, 단백질, 에너지 섭취), 기저질환의 개수, 연령으로 나타났다. 여성의 경우 교육수준과 초경 연령, 폐경 여부가 추가적으로 주요 위험요인으로 나타났고, 남성에 비해 연령과 기저질환의 개수에서 영향력이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 대사증후군을 예방하기 위해선 BMI, 식이, 질환의 이환, 초경 및 폐경여부를 고려하여 접근해야하며 후속 연구를 통해 다양한 중재 전략을 수립하고 검증해야 할 것이다.

• Integrative Medicine Research
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2014

The aim of this review was to understand the effects of ${\beta}$-adrenergic stimulation on oxidative stress, structural remodeling, and functional alterations in the heart and cerebral artery. Diverse stimuli activate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased levels of catecholamines. Long-term overstimulation of the ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor (${\beta}AR$) in response to catecholamines causes cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, stroke, coronary artery disease, and heartfailure. Although catecholamines have identical sites of action in the heart and cerebral artery, the structural and functional modifications differentially activate intracellular signaling cascades. ${\beta}AR$-stimulation can increase oxidative stress in the heart and cerebral artery, but has also been shown to induce different cytoskeletal and functional modifications by modulating various components of the ${\beta}AR$ signal transduction pathways. Stimulation of ${\beta}AR$ leads to cardiac dysfunction due to an overload of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in cardiomyocytes. However, this stimulation induces vascular dysfunction through disruption of actin cytoskeleton in vascular smooth muscle cells. Many studies have shown that excessive concentrations of catecholamines during stressful conditions can produce coronary spasms or arrhythmias by inducing $Ca^{2+}$-handling abnormalities and impairing energy production in mitochondria, In this article, we highlight the different fates caused by excessive oxidative stress and disruptions in the cytoskeletal proteome network in the heart and the cerebral artery in responsed to prolonged ${\beta}AR$-stimulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.122-134
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• 1987

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and fat levels on the growth and the utilization of nitrogen and energy and body composition in rats, Sprague\ulcornerDawley 48 male rats of 8 weeks old weighing approxijIlately 215-220g were subjected to feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Four dietary protein levels (4, 8, 16, 32%) and each protein level contained two fat levels(3.9, 11.7%=1O,3J% of 3600kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbo\ulcornerhydrate and the following results were obtained. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of the rats to which a diet of 16% protein and 3.9% fat was fed were significantly higher than in either case of 8% pro\ulcornertein diet or of 32% protein diet. The digestibility of protein in the experimental diets was 73.3 -93.4%. The digesti\ulcornerbility of energy ( energy absorption) in the experimental diets was 83.2 -91.5%. The utilization of protein and the metabolic energy efficiency in the experimental diets was highest at the diet of 8% protein and 3.9% fat. The analysis of the body composition after feeding trials for 8 weeks has shown that the content of body water and protein were not affected by protein and fat levels in diet. The content of body fat in the rats to which 3.9% fat diet was fed was high\ulcornerer than that in those to which 11.7% fat diet was fed. From the above experimental results it may be suggested that the best formula of diet for the 8 weeks old rats may be composed of the 8% protein and 3.9% fat.