• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2009

Objectives : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model Methods : The effects of the Hwanso-dan hot water extract on expression of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA and production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide were investigated. The effects of the Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and uric acid & AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results : 1. The Hwanso-dan hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide. 2. The Hwanso-dan hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line. 3. The Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 4. The Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine${\sim}$induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. Conclusions : This experiment shows that the Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be effective for the prevention and treatment of Memory deficit disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the Hwanso-dan hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.55-68
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• 2008

Background: Microglia produces a barrage of factors (IL-l, TNF-$\alpha$, NO, superoxide) that are toxic to neurons and playa major role in the cellular immune response associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease(AD). OJaJiHwangEumJa(OJJHEJ) has been usually used for the treatment of senile disorders. For enhancing efficacy and convenience, the change of the drug delivery device of oriental herbal medicine is required. Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on proinflammatory cytokine of microglia and memory deficit model. Method: The effects of the OJJHEJ hot water extract on production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) were investigated. The effects of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results: 1. The OJJHEJ hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in BV2 microglial cell line and the production of IL-6 was suppressed significantly. 2. The OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 3. The OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. Conclusions: This experiment shows that the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be effective for the prevention and treatment of memory impairment diseases. Investigation into the clinical use of the OJJHEJ hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2017

Objectives: Executive dysfunction including working memory deficit has been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of Cogmed working memory training on the symptoms and neurocognitive functions in medicated children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 7 to 19 years, taking ADHD medication participated in this study. The participants were trained for 5 weeks with a commercially available and computerized working memory program ($Cogmed^{(R)}$) without any changes to their medication. The Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and Comprehensive Attention Test were administered before training and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. Results: After completing the training, the clinical symptoms and function, rated by the parents and clinician, were improved. In addition, the level of commission errors was significantly reduced in the selective attention (visual/auditory) task, sustained attention to response task, and flanker task. The untrained visuospatial short-term memory and working memory were also improved. These effects were still observed 7 months after the training. Conclusion: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of the symptoms and deficits in working memory and response inhibition in medicated children with ADHD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.85-100
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• 2008

Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model. Method: The effects of the KSKH hot water extract on expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA and production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) were investigated. The effects of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and AChE in serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results: 1. The KSKH hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. 2. The KSKH hot water extract suppressed the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ in 100$\mu g/m\ell$ concentration of BV2 microglial cell line culture supernatant. 3. The KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE activation significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. 4. The KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder showed significant effect on memory impairment in the stop-through latency type of Morris water maze test. Conclusions: This experiment shows that the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be effective for the prevention and treatment of amnesia and Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the KSKH hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for amnesia and Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1200-1210
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• 2006

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the CMT and MCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model. The effects of the CMT and MCMT hot water extract on expression of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2, IL-10, TGF-${\beta}$1 mRNA and production of IL-lP, IL-6, TNF-a, NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) ; serum glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine , behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and were investigated, respectively. The CMT and MCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA, production of IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, NO, ROS and increased the expression of IL-10, TGF-${\beta}$l mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The MCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. The CMT and MCMT hotwater extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. According to the above result, it is suggested that the CMT and MCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of dementia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.997-1008
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• 2006

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model. The effects of the CMT and PCMT hot water extract on expression of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2, IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA and production of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) , serum glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine , behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and were investigated, respectively. The CMT and PCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-11, COX-2 mRNA, production of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, ROS and increased the expression of IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. The CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. According to the above result, it is suggested that the CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of dementia.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2004

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Coptis japonica Makino(CJM) on the Alzheimer's disease. The effects of CJM extract on $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, amyloid precursor proteins (APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and AChE activity of PC-12 cell lysate treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and behavior of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine and mice glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine were investigated, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. CJM extract suppressed $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 2. CJM extract suppressed APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 3. CJM extract suppressed AChE activity in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ 4. CJM extract group showed significantly inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of mice induced by scopolamine in the experiment of Morris water maze. 5. CJM extract increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine. According to the above results, it is suggested that CJM extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit symptom.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2005

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Dichroa febrifuga(DIF) on the Alzheimer’s disease. The effects of DIF extract on $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of THP-1 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus LPS and amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and AChE activity of PC-12 cell lysate treated by $A{\beta}$ plus $rIL-1{\beta}$ and behavior of memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and mice glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine were investigated, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. DIF extract suppressed APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$. 2. DIF extract suppressed $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cell treated by LPS. 3. DIF extract suppressed AChE activity in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$. 4. DIF extract increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine. 5. DIF extract group showed significantly inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of mice induced by scopolamine in the experiment of Morris water maze. According to the above results, it is suggested that DIF extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficit.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Rheum palmatum(RHP) on the Alzheimer's disease. The effects of RHP extract on amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}\;and\;IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of THP-1 cell treated by LPS and AChE activity of PC-12 cell lysate treated by $A {\beta}$and behavior of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine and mice glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine were investigated, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. RHP extract suppressed APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta} $. 2. RHP extract suppressed $IL-1{\beta} $, IL-6 $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cell treated by LPS. 3. RHP extract suppressed AChE activity in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by $A{\beta}$. 4. HP extract increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit rats induced by scopolamine. 5. RHP extract group showed significantly inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of mice induced by scopolamine in the experiment of Morris water maze. According to the above results, it is suggested that RHP extract might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficit symptom.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2017

Objectives: Executive dysfunctions including working memory deficit have been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of working memory training on the behavioral problems, quality of life, and parental stress of medicated children with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 9 to 19 years, who were being treated with ADHD medication, were included. The participants were trained with a commercially available and computerized working memory program ($Cogmed^{(R)}$) for 5 weeks without any alteration of their medication. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were administered before training, and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. Results: After completing the training, the anxiety/depression, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, aggressive behavior, and externalizing problems scores in the CBCL were significantly reduced. The score on the Parent-child dysfunctional interaction in the PSI-SF was also decreased. However, the scores related to the quality of life were not changed. These changes were still observed 7 months after the training. Conclusion: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of behavioral problems and parental stress in medicated children with ADHD.