• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2021

With the development of sawdust medium cultivation technology, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) has become the most extensively produced and consumed mushroom globally. In this study, the approximate composition, nutritional components, and bioactive compounds of L. edodes were analyzed and compared for the five sawdust-cultivated shiitake mushrooms cultivars namely Sanjo701ho, Sanjo707ho, Sanjo715ho, Chamaram, and L808. The approximate range of the composition of freeze-dried shiitake mushrooms was 4.06-5.92 g/100 g of ash, 0.75-1.02 g/100 g of crude fat, and 21.24-29.15 g/100 g of crude protein. Sanjo701ho had the highest trehalose content (9.60±0.08 g/100 g), total polyphenol content (3.49±0.04 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid content (1.33±0.03 mg QE/g) among the other shiitake mushroom cultivars. The total amino acid content was as follows: glutamic acid>aspartic acid>leucine. Glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in the following sequence: Sanjo707ho, Sanjo715ho, Sanjo701ho, Chamaram, and L808. Crude protein, trehalose, and six types of amino acids were identified as classification indicators for the five cultivars of sawdust-cultivated shiitake mushrooms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.132-143
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9℃ at the farm versus keeping it at 20℃ on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. Methods: A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9℃ (MC9) and the other at 20℃ (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Results: Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Conclusion: Storing milk at 9℃ at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.251-255
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• 2015

To optimize the medium composition of Undaria pinnatifida as a pH modulator the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum industrial scale, we analyzed the pH and growth characteristics of L. plantarum in basal medium. Subsequently, the medium compositions addition of carbon, nitrogen sources and buffering agents were optimized. When 0.5% yeast extract and 2% glucose, L. plantarum grew to maximum cell density in experimental condition. However, the growth of L. plantarum rapidly pH 4.0 in basal medium. A high alkali-ash value and low cost-effective utilization n the waste part as examined. ddition of U. pinnatifida extract alleviated the serious decrease. Among them, juice of U. pinnatifida was most helpful for the growth of L. plantarum ($36.3{\pm}1.810^8CFU/mL$). These results show that U. pinnatifida be large-scale cultivation of L. plantarum. This optimized U. pinnatifida medium can be used for safe and economical production of Lactobacillus.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.184-189
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• 2004

Rice wine cake (RWC) is the solid waste obtained after rice wine fermentation. For the mass production of the spores of yeast Saccharomyces from RWC, the optimum pretreatment condition of RWC, the optimum composition of culture medium, and the optimum culture condition were examined. For sporulation, yeast cells were grown in the pre sporulation medium (PSM), transferred into sporulation medium (SM) containing 1 % potassium acetate, and incubated in a rotary shaking incubator at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. The supernatant of the mixture of RWC and water was used as the presporulation medium (PSM). The optimum temperature and time for the pre-incubation of the mixture of RWC and water (1:2) to obtain maximum sporulation yield were $V^{\circ}C$ and 24 hr, respectively, and optimum culture time in PSM was 48 hr. Using these optimum conditions, the asci number obtained was 0.72$ 1.06${\times}$10^{8}$$m\ell$. The addition of wheat coat koji into SM increased the final number of asci to beTEX>$10^{8}$ $m\ell$. Spores were formed in the SM with the initial pH of 7-11, but no spores were formed in the SM with the initial pH of 5. To save the time and effort to pretreat the RWC, 2% and 0.5% RWC without any pretreatment were directly added into PSM containing 1 % brown sugar and SM, respectively, and the maximum asci number of $1.27${\times}$10^{8}$ /$m\ell$ was obtained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1364-1373
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• 2012

Four crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows, with an average live weight of $418{\pm}5$ kg and $36{\pm}10$ d in milk were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of cassava hay (CH) and rice bran oil (RBO) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and milk composition. Factor A was non-supplementation or supplementation with CH in the concentrate. Factor B was supplementation with RBO at 0% or 4% in the concentrate mixture. The four dietary treatments were (T1) control (Concentrate with non-CH plus 0% RBO; C), (T2) Concentrate with CH plus 0% RBO (CH), (T3) Concentrate with non-CH plus 4% RBO (RBO), and (T4) Concentrate with CH plus 4% RBO (CHRBO). The cows were offered concentrate, at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2, and urea-lime treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. Urea-lime treated rice straw involved 2.5 g urea and 2.5 g $Ca(OH)_2$ (purchased as hydrated lime) in 100 ml water, the relevant volume of solution was sprayed onto a 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw, and then covering the stack with a plastic sheet for a minimum of 10 d before feeding directly to animals. The CH based concentrate resulted in significantly higher roughage intake and total DM intake expressed as a percentage of BW (p<0.05). Ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, BUN and total VFA did not differ among treatments, while RBO supplementation increased propionate, but decreased acetate concentration (p<0.05). Furthermore, the population of total ruminal bacteria was significantly lower on the RBO diet (p<0.05). In contrast, the total ruminal bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria on the CH diet were higher than on the other treatments. Supplementation with CH increased (p<0.05) F. succinogens and R. flavefaciens populations, whereas the populations of B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii were increased on the RBO diet. In addition, supplementation with CH and RBO had no effect on milk production and composition in dairy cows, while fatty acid composition of milk was influenced by RBO supplementation, and resulted in significantly lower (p<0.05) concentrations of both short-chain and medium-chain FA, and increased (p<0.05) the proportion of long-chain FA in milk fat, as well as significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA and total CLA. In conclusion, RBO or CH exhibited specific effects on DMI, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows, which were not interactions between CH and RBO in the diets. Feeding lactating dairy cows with RBO could improve fatty acid in milk fat by increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.118-122
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine the optimal liquid medium composition of ginseng (Panax ginsengC.A. Meyer) root induced by growth regulators in order to improve the yield of saponin production. Submerged culture conditions were optimized using the fractional factorial design with 4 factors and 3 levels by a RSM computer program The effects of various pH values of medium, sucrose, nitrogen and phosphate concentration on the saponin content of the ginseng root were investigated. The optimum phosphate concentration determined by a partial differentiation of the model equation, pH of medium, sucrose and nitrogen concentration were phosphate 93 mg/L, pH 5.5, sucrose 5% and nitrogen 50 mg/L, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted saponin content of ginseng root was estimated at 0.308%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2012

The characteristics of mycelium growth of Sparassis crispa KGFS08 and KFRI746 in liquid culture were investigated. The optimum growth of the mycelium of S. crispa was observed in the KTM medium. The best carbon source was starch. In terms of nitrogen sources, tryptone affected mycelial growth in the liquid culture. The optimal culture conditions were pH 4.0-5.0 in STK medium [3% (w/v) starch, 0.3% (w/v) tryptone, 0.1% (w/v) $KH_2PO_4$, and 0.1% (w/v) folic acid].

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.368-373
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• 2004

The optimal condition for the production of a glucan and a fructan synthesizing enzymes from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1149 were studied based on the different medium compositions. Response surface methodology was applied to find the optimistic condition showing the relationship between the fermentation response (enzyme activities) and the fermentation variable concentrations of yeast extract, peptone concentration, K2HP04 concentration and sucrose. Optimum medium composition for both enzymes production was $0.75\%$ yeast extract, $0.72\%$ peptone, $1\%$ K2HP04 and $2.17\%$ sucrose. Using this medium, the activities produced in culture was 0.90 U/m~ for glucosyltransferase (GTase) and 0.96 U/ml for fructosyltransferase (FTase). After purification of 1149FTase by consecutive chromatographies using Sephadex G-150 and DEAE-Sepharose, a 1149FTase of 210 kDa on $7\%$ polyacrylamide gel was isolated and it synthesized soluble fructan. The 1149GTase showed a band of 180 kDa on $8\%$ polyacrylamide gel after purification using Bio-Gel P-100 gel chromatography and DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and it synthesized insoluble glucan. The linkages of polymers were determined by methylation using Hakomori reagent and following NMR analysis. The glucan was composed of a(1~6) and a(1~3) linkages and the fructan was levan.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop optimum sawdust medium for bottle cultivation of Pholiota adiposa. Five kinds of sawdust media were tested. Period of primordial formation was shorter 1-5 days in T3 and in T4 than in other treatments. Total cultivation period was 3-5 days longer in treatments including oak sawdust than in T5, treatment of poplar+rice bran(8:2). Stipe diameter, stipe length, and number of valid stipe were the biggest in T3. Yield of fruiting body was increased 33% in T3 and 12% in T4, respectively compared to T1 as control. Therefore, T3, treatment of oak sawdust+beet pulf+cottonseed meal(5:3:2), would be appropriate for the commercial production of Pholiota adiposa by bottle cultivation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1155-1160
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• 2012

Sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification relies on an inorganic carbon source to reduce the nitrate by producing sulfuric acid as an end product and can be used for the treatment of wastewaters containing high levels of nitrates. In this study, sulfur-denitrifying bacteria were used in anoxic batch tests with sulfur as the electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor. Various medium components were tested under different conditions. Sulfur denitrification can drop the medium pH by producing acid, thus stopping the process half way. To control this mechanism, a 2:1 ratio of sulfur to oyster shell powder was used. Oyster shell powder addition to a sulfur-denitrifying reactor completely removed the nitrate. Using 50, 100, and 200 g of sulfur particles, reaction rate constants of 5.33, 6.29, and $7.96mg^{1/2}/l^{1/2}{\cdot}h$ were obtained, respectively; and using 200 g of sulfur particles showed the highest nitrate removal rates. For different sulfur particle sizes ranging from small (0.85-2.0 mm), medium (2.0-4.0 mm), and large (4.0-4.75 mm), reaction rate constants of 31.56, 10.88, and $6.23mg^{1/2}/l^{1/2}{\cdot}h$ were calculated. The fastest nitrate removal rate was observed for the smallest particle size. Addition of chemical oxygen demand (COD), methanol as the external carbon source, with the autotrophic denitrification in sufficiently alkaline conditions, created a balance between heterotrophic denitrification (which raises the pH) and sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification, which lowers the pH.