• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-78
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• 2023

Objectives : Based on the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng of Zhang Shanlei, this paper examines the tip/root division of the Zangfu, features of medicinal application according to deficiency/excess or cold/heat, and erroneous cases in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi of Zhang Jiegu. Methods : Categorization according to tip/root, cold/heat, deficiency/excess and respective medicinal applications in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi were organized, followed by thorough analysis based on the annotations in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng. Results : First, in the treatment principle of the Zangfu diseases, each of their physiological function and pathological mechanism were analyzed so that the disease patterns are understood accurately and treated accordingly. Second, in categorizing treatment methods, terminology application was modified in overlapping or ambiguous cases so that they could be better distinguished. Third, medicinal categories that were designated to treat each Zangfu disease were explained well based on unique features. In cases where medicinals were falsely included, they were identified and corrected based on sound reasoning. Conclusions : The pattern diagnosis in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng is clear, and medicinal application analysis is intelligible. As it thoroughly corrects and revises errors in Zhang Jiegu's theories, it could provide valuable assistance in selecting each medicinals when treating disease patterns of the Five Zang.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.91-106
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• 2022

Objectives : To examine the developmental process of the Pi-Yin theory since the Huangdineijing to Miu Xiyong. Methods : Related contents since the Huangdineijing to Miu Xiyong was searched to examine the development of the Pi-Yin theory. Results & Conclusions : In the Huangdineijing and Shanghanzabinglun, the origin of the Pi's body fluids that nurtures everywhere is explained to be the Wei, which limited the development of the Pi-Yin theory. Liu Wansu understood tonification of the Pi by means of moistening medicinals to mean adding Pi-Yin based on the manifestation of dryness in the case of dampness deficiency which is the main Qi of the Pi and Wei. Zhu Danxi understood adding Pi-Yin as accomplished by supplementing Blood. The understanding of the nature of Pi to be 'likes dryness and hates dampness' leading to thinking that drying dampness tonifies the Pi was the reason why the Pi-Yin theory could not develop fully. Miu Xiyong accepted theories of both Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi, and constructed the Pi-Yin theory to bring caution to the unwanted effects of using Baizhu wrongly. Through examination of the developmental process of the Pi-Yin theory, it could be understood that rather than focusing on the physiological function of the Pi-Yin and ways of maintaining its proper functioning, the theory was developed to bring caution to using medicinals with dry and hot properties that could dry the Pi-Yin.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-86
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• 2022

This study examined guange (關格) in Yixuerumen (醫學入門) from a new perspective and evaluated its value in terms of emergency medicine. We compared and analyzed the definition, symptoms, and treatment methods of guange in Yixuerumen with related clinical presentations in modern medicine. Guange includes nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, dysuria, and constipation without diarrhea. A representative disease related to dysuria is uremia, while one related to constipation, nausea, and vomiting is enterocleisis, and and a third related to dysphagia is chronic esophagitis and esophagus cancer. Li Chan, the author of Yixuerumen, recognized guange as an emergency of serious eating and elimination disorder as various symptoms of diseases (病症) gradually get worse from the perspective of external diseases (外感病) and miscellaneous diseases (雜病) and handled it in various ways including yin-tonifying medicinals (補陰藥), qi-tonifying medicinals (補氣藥), qi-regulating formulas (理氣劑), phlegm-dispelling formulas (去痰劑), and "water rising, fire falling" formulas (水升火降) in addition to emetic formulas (催吐劑), diuretic formulas (滲利劑), and interior-attacking formula (攻裏劑). Concepts like guange in Yixuerumen were somewhat useful when handling the applicable emergencies at the level of then medical treatment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1247-1260
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• 2009

This dissertation aims to study the five tastes in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. Medicinals as well as Foods are classified by the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and pungent, which can be tasted by the tongue. With the development of the theory dealing with the medicinal properties, some flavors are summarized out of clinical actions of medicinals, therefore, there is a little difference between the flavors of medicinal herbs and the tastes got by tongue. Each taste acts on or has direct influence on a specific vital organ, and each of which has different physiologic actions. Taste also has a long-term or post digestive effect on the body and its metabolism. When each taste is consumed in moderation, it benefits the corresponding organ. Over-indulgence in any taste harms the organ and creates imbalance among the five vital organ systems. The Korean medicinal herbs with same flavor mostly possess similar actions while the medicinal herbs with different flavors show different actions in the treatment, which are shown as follows. Sour has absorbing, consolidating and astringent actions and acts on the liver. Bitter has the actions of drying or resolving dampness, purging and lowering and acts on the heart. Sweet has the nourishing, harmonizing and moistening actions and acts on the spleen. Pungent has an action of dispersing and promoting circulation of gi and blood and acts on the lungs. Salty has the effects of softening hard nodes or masses and promoting defecation, etc and acts on the kidneys. The five organ systems control and support each other. Proper coordination only exists when there is no one organ stronger or weaker than the rest. Since the five tastes have direct influences on the five organs, the diet we take should have a good combination of the five tastes in order to promote internal balance and harmony. They control our well-being and create dietary balance. Excessive consumption of any of these could result in adverse effects. In a word, when the properties of the five tastes respectively are distinguished, their natures and flavors cannot be separately considered. I think the harmonization of food and medicinals should be stressed on good nutritional diet to maintain good health. The traditional belief that food and medicine share the same origin is a part of Korean medicine tradition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.504-510
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• 2000

The impurity profiles from the raw materials of glycyrrhizin were performed by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)- mass spectrometry (MS). For the HPLC experiment, a $C_{18}$($3.9{\times}300mm$, $10{\mu}m$) column was used and the mobile phase was acetic acid/$H_2O$ (1:10):acetonitrile=3:2 with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The effluent was splitted into the ratio of 50:1 and went into the ESI-MS. Three to six impurities were found and informed of the identification of the structure of the impurities by ESI-MS. And the structures of impurities were suggested to a hydroxy-glycyrrhizin which is added with hydroxy group (-OH) in the glycyrrhetic acid moiety and a reduced-glycyrrhizin which the position of 12 of the glycyrrhetic acid moiety is reduced. The purities of the standard materials were about 90%.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 2012

Objective : This study began with a recognition of the increase in internal disorders caused by functional impairment of the Spleen-Stomach(脾胃) due to modern dietary culture and environment. Method : Way of studying is select and analysis sentences which is include 'Stomach-Yin(胃陰)', 'Stomach-Jin(胃津)', 'Spleen-Stomach-Yin(脾胃陰)', 'Stomach-Yang(胃陽)', 'Spleen-Stomach-Yang (脾胃陽)' in Imjeungjinamuian(臨證指南醫案), and organize relevant paper. Result & Conclusion : In the history of the Spleen-Stomach Theory(脾胃學說), the theoretical mainstream was focused on On-yang(溫養), which was supplemented with methods of sweeten-cool-moisturize(甘凉濡潤) and communication-descent(通降法) by Ye, Tianshi(葉天士). Ye, Tianshi followed the academic theory of Li, Dongyuan(李東垣), putting emphasis on Stomach-gi(胃氣), along with some unique developments of his own. He specifically argued that the Spleen and Stomach be treated separately, and while accepting the methods of Li Dong-yuan in Spleen treatment, asserted that the Stomach-Yin be treated with medicinals with sweet/plain and sweet/cool/moist(甘平與甘凉濡潤) characteristics, and Stomach-Yang be kept firmly, as to prevent obstruction and reflux, by means of medicinals that communicate the Yang softly(通陽柔劑). As a result, the Yin-Yang(陰陽), Dryness-Dampness(燥濕) and Cold-Heat(寒熱) balance of the Yin-Jang (陰臟), Spleen and the Yang-Bu(陽腑), Stomach, the Stomach-Yin and Stomach-Yang was achieved both theoretically and in treatment by means of both communication and supplementation, adding accuracy to clinical application of the Spleen-Stomach Theory.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.11-40
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this article is to make a clarification that Hwang Doyeon(黃度淵) was a official doctor(醫官) who even served as royal doctor(御醫), rather than merely a general doctor who worked in the private sector. The article also attempts to give a new perspective on the medical history about the late period of Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty. Methods : In researching Hwang Doyeon's master work, the Gains and Losses of Medical Orthodoxy(醫宗損益), the article looks at his clinical medicines. Analyzing the historical records, the article makes an assumption that Hwang Doyeon and Hwang Dosoon(黃道淳), who was selected as an officer to discuss medicine with other medical officers(議藥同參), are the identical person. On this assumption, the article tries to reinterpret the medicine during the later Joseon Dynasty period. Result & Conclusion : The records, including the royal medical treatment records of the Gains and Losses of Medical Orthodoxy, the Daily Records of Royal Secretariat(承政院日記), the genealogy of Changwon Hwangs(昌原黃氏世譜), academic paper and government documents released posthumously, demonstrated that Hwang Doyeon and Hwang Dosoon are the same person. If so, we can have new historical interpretation about medical history of late Joseon Dynasty. First, during the late of Joseon Dynasty, there was an official and active medical knowledge interaction between government and private sector. Second, the Joseon's medicine has been established its own medical system based on the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine(東醫寶鑑), trying to cope with cholera and other contemporary epidemics without relying on Chinese warm disease(溫病) medicine. Third, the Compilation of Formulas and Medicinals(方藥合編), is regarded not only as a must-read medical reading for medical doctors, also playing an important role on popularization of Korean medical knowledge.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2020

Objectives : This study focuses on the condition Yinynagjiao, which was first mentioned in 『Huangdineijing』, on the cause, mechanism and reason for it being described as fatal. Later doctors's understanding and treatment of this condition were examined subsequently. Methods : Verses related to Yinyangjiao from texts such as 『Huangdineijing』, 『Jinkuiyuhanjing』, 『Maijing』 were cross-examined focusing on their context and difference in expression with reference to annotations and later texts that mention Yinyangjiao. Based on the findings, its mechanism and treatment methods as found in Wenbing texts were compared with descriptions from previous texts. Results & Conclusions : According to 『Huangdineijing』, heat disease belongs to the Shanghan category, treated through promoting perspiration. In the confrontational position between JingQi and XieQi, perspiration could be understood as the result of JingQi's victory that lead to the discharge of XieQi in the form of sweat. Yinyangjiao is the opposite situation where Jing is discharged while heat toxin sinks into the body, thus being fatal, and treatment aimed for perspiration not adequately addressing the main problem which was ultimately expected to resolve through means of solid Yin Jing that would stabilize the pulse in due time. On the other hand, Wenbing scholars saw the pathogen as heat, shifting previous perspectives entirely. As a result, instead of applying pungent/warm medicinals to promote sweating, they suggested the use of cool, sweet/moist medicinals to cool the heat and nourish Yin as means of treating the condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

Flowery Knotweed Root is the dried tuberous root of the knotweed family wheres Auriculate Swallowwort Root is the dried tuberous root of the swallowort family. Flowery Knotweed Root is also called Red Flowery Knotweed Root in China, which is dried root of Polygonum multiflorum THUMB. Chinese Flowery Knotweed Root is better known as the dried tuberous root belonging to the family Apocynaceae whereas White Flowery Knotweed Root in Korea is the dried tuberous root of Cynanchum wilfordii(Maxim) Hemsl. Up to now, while the dried root named Red Flowery Knotweed Root has been widely used in China, Auriculate Swallowwort Root has been widely used in Korea. Both the roots contrast in a striking way with the origin, shape, botanical names, other names, and chemical constituents, so administration and dosage without discrimination of both sides can be open to question. According to the literature, it is recorded that Flowery Knotweed Root and Auriculate Swallowwort Root are similar to the characteristics, properties, and actions. From this study, the result is as follows: 1. Flowery Knotweed Root and Auriculate Swallowwort Root are divided into the family Apocynaceae and the family Polygonaceae, respectively. Accordingly 2. Flowery Knotweed Root is in shape of an irregular spindle and looks reddish- brown or deep reddish-brown and the section is light yellowish-brown, while Auriculate Swallowwort Root looks yellowish-brown and the section is white or yellow. 3. Flowery Knotweed Root is reported by the Journal of the Crude Drug that the medicinals have not the same therapeutic action as Auriculate Swallowwort Root. It is recorded that the properties, channel entry, functions of Flowery Knotweed Root and Auriculate Swallowwort Root in literature have much in common. Many works on the roots of this plant has been used traditionally as a tonic are required of. In view of the results, Flowery Knotweed Root and Auriculate Swallowwort Root varies both in nature and in shape, so that the administration and dosage of the medicinals must be taken a prudent attitude.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.175-190
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of heat-clearing medicinal on common bacterias in gynecology. Methods : The heat-clearing medicinals ( Trichosanthis Radix, Sophorae Fructus, Phragmitis Rhizoma, Buddleiae Flos, Bambusae Folium, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Celosiae Semen, Gardeniae Fructus, Prunellae Spica, Sophorae Radix, Dictamni Radicis Cortex, Coptidis Rhizoma, Gentianae Scabrae Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Phellodendri Cortex) were used in this study. Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis were used for vaginal pathogenic microorganisms. Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli HB101, Lactobacillus gasseri were used for normal vaginal florae. We evaluated antibiotic effect by the optical density and the colony test. Results : The optical density and colony test showed that Celosiae Semen, Prunellae Spica, Scutellariae Radix and Phellodendri Cortex of herbs among heat-clearing medicinal had antimircobial effect. Celosiae Semen and Prunellae Spica had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in MRSA. Scutellariae Radix and Phellodendri Cortex had antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity in Gardnerella vaginalis. Conclusion : According to the above results, we could suggest that Celosiae Semen, Prunellae Spica, Scutellariae Radix and Phellodendri Cortex among heat-clearing medicinal be available to antimicrobial agent of vaginal pathogenic microbial species in vitro.