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Analysis of Nutritional Components of Lepista nuda (민자주방망이버섯(L. nuda)의 영양성분 분석)

  • Lee Yang-Suk;Kim Jong-Bong;Shin Seung-Ryeul;Kim Nam-Woo
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.375-381
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional component of Lepista nuda in order to estimate its nutritional and functional values. The content of moisture were $90.90{\pm}0.09%$ carbohydrate $4.34{\pm}0.07%$, crude protein $3.70{\pm}0.03%$, ash $0.55{\pm}0.04%$, and crude fat $0.47{\pm}0.01%$, respectively The reducing sugar was $636.17{\pm}7.50mg$. Total amount of free sugar was 97.32 mg, which were mainly composed of galactose (51.98 mg) and trehalose (22.48 mg). In the results of mined analysis, the content of K was the highest as $103.10{\pm}0.18mg$, followed by $56.01{\pm}0.20mg$ of Mg. The total content of hydrolyzed amino acid was 310.39 mg which consist of essential amino acids including valine (25.40 mg), leucine (22.52 mg), lysine (21.34 mg) and 198.89 mg of non-essential amino acids including glutamic acid (60.72 mg), aspartic acid (30.17 mg), and alanine (29.72 mg), as the major amino acids. free amino acids were 220.86 mg which were composed of essential amino acids (36.21 mg) inclusive of isoleucine (21.57 mg) and threonine (11.20 mg) and non-essential amino acids (184.65 mg) including glutamic acid (42.78 mg) and aspartic acid (32.44 mg) as major amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 187.85 me and that of hydroxyproline was highest as 121.50 mg.

Antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of Aster scaber grown in wild and culture field (야생 및 재배 참취 에탄올 추출물의 항산화성)

  • Kim, Guy-Min;Hong, Ju-Yeon;Woo, Sook-Yi;Lee, Hyun-Suk;Choi, Young-Jun;Shin, Seung-Ryeul
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.567-576
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functionality of ethanol extract of Aster scaber by analyzing anti-oxidant components and anti-oxidant activities, which was grown in wild and culture field. The yields of Aster scaber ethanol extracts were high after blanching treatment. The polyphenol content of dried Aster scaber grown in wild was 35.59 mg/g, which was higher than that of Aster scaber grown in culture field. The electron donating ability in all Aster scaber extracts were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the electron donating ability was the highest in extracts of the dried Aster scaber after blanching. The SOD-like activity of Aster scaber was the highest in its extract grown in wild field. In addition, the SOD-like activities of extracts of the dired Aster scaber after blanching were highest among the extracts of cultivated Aster scaber. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was increased at pH 1.2, and those was the highest in wild fresh Aster scaber. The inhibition effects on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the inhibition effects of extracts of Aster scaber in wild field were higher than those grown in culture field. Therefore, the consumption of Aster scaber would provide beneficiary effects due to its antioxidant activities and prevention of aging. The development of various processed food using Aster scaber will promote the consumption and its values.

The Ability of Cervus Elaphus Sibiricus Herbal Acupuncture to Inhibit the Generation of Inflammatory Enzymes on Collagen-induced Arthritis Mice (녹용약침(鹿茸藥鍼)이 CIA 모델 생쥐의 염증인자 생성억제에 미치는 영향)

  • Hwang, Jong-Soon;Hwang, Ji-Hye;Lee, Hyun-Jin;Lee, Dong-Gun;Kang, Min-Joo;Back, Song-Ook;Cho, Hyun-Seok;Kim, Kyung-Ho;Kim, Kap-Sung
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2007
  • Backgrounds : Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is known as the chronic inflammatory diseasethat induces persistent inflammation in the joint cavity. The destruction of cartilage occurs as the result of bones destoyed by pannus, several influential cytokines induced by the synovial capsulitis, varieties of proteinases, $O_2$ radicals, and the secondary degenerative changes of articular cartilage. The type 2 collagen-induced arthritis model is used in recent experimental research on rheumatoid arthritis. Cervus elaphus sibiricus (Nockyong) has the effect of relieving pain by nourishing the muscles, joints, and bones. It is also known to be efficacious in promoting and enhancing the immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture to inhibit the generation of proinflammatory enzyme on type 2 collagen-induced arthritis. I investigated the inhibition of mRNA transcription of MIF(macrophage migration inhibitory factor), $TNF-{\alpha}$(Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$) and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) of Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture using an in vitro test. Also investigated was the inhibition of differentiation of Th 1 cells and activation of cytokines(MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, MMP-9), which are known to cause initial RA ,and are also related to the morphology of the synovial membranes of the joint capsule, by an in vivo test, using CIA(collagen induced arthritis) model mice. Materials & methods : The laboratory animals used in this experiment were 4 week-old DBA female mice, weighing approximately 20 grams, and adjusted to the laboratory environment. The experiment was divided into the normal group(NOR)-no treated group, control group(CON)-CIA induced group, and sample group(SAM)-Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture treated group. RA was induced in the mice via injection of $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution was applied on $GB_{35}$(陽陵泉) for 26 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. The concentration of the solution was determined via a MTT assay. To research the effect on the expression of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. C II induced RA knee joint's histo-chemical synovial membrane was observed using a specimen model via the Hematoxilin and Eosin dying technique. Results : The expression of mRNA of RA-related cytokines such as MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and MMP-9 dosedependently decreased in the cell from the synovial membranes of the joint, which is treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture solution. In mice treated with Cervus elaphus sibiricusherbal acupuncture, the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and differentiation of Th 1 cells was suppressed. The activation of RA-related cytokines such as MIF was suppressed, and the generation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and MMP-9 showed a statistically significant decreas. Conclusions : It is speculated that Cervus elaphus sibiricus herbal acupuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the tissue impaired by RA by inhibition of the initial RA progression and by regulating excessive differentiation of Th 1 cell as it suppresses the generation of RA-related cytokines during the highest stage of RA by acting on pro-inflammatory enzymes.

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Skeletal relapse and dental change during intermaxillary fixation after mandibular setback (외과적 하악 후퇴술 후 악간고정기간 중의 골격성 재발과 치열의 변화)

  • Chang, Chong-On
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.29 no.4 s.75
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    • pp.457-466
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    • 1999
  • It has been reported that skeletal relapse and dental change after mandibular setback do occur not only after intermaxillary fixation(IMF) removal but also during IMF The side effects of skeletal relapse during IMF have clinical importance because they can cause many Postoperative orthodontic Problems. Generally, the Prevention of solid union between segments, compensatory tooth movement, anterior openbite, etc. have been cited as the side effects of jaw displacement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF. The material consisted of 28 patients who were treated by BSSRO(bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy), wire osteosynthesis, IMF for correction of mandibular prognathism. Through cephalometric analysis, the amount and direction of surgical movement, skeletal relapse and dental change during IMF were measured. The correlation between surgical movement and skeletal relapse, between skeletal relapse and dental changes were evaluated. The following conclusions were obtained; 1. Distal segment was repositioned backward and upward, proximal segment showed clockwise rotation during surgery. 2. During ]m, anterior portion of distal segment was displaced backward and posterior portion was displaced upward. Proximal segment was displaced upward with forward movement of p-Go(gonion of proximal segment). Backward surgical movement of p-GO was significantly correlated with forward displacement of p-Go. 3. Overjet and overbite were not changed during IMF. The compensatory tooth movements during IMF were characterized by retroclination of upper incisors md retroclination, extrusion of lower incisors. These compensatory tooth movements had statistically significant correlation with upward displacement of d-Go (gonion of distal segment).

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Improvement of Knowledge, Self-Efficacy and Self-Care Behaviors among Diabetic Patients participated in the Education Program of Sejong Center for Hypertension and Diabetes Management (당뇨병 환자 교육에 따른 지식, 자기효능감 및 자기관리행위의 변화: 세종특별자치시 고혈압·당뇨병 등록교육센터 등록자를 중심으로)

  • Jung, Jin-Gyu;Chung, Eun-Young;Kim, A-Ryeon;Park, Hyun-Jin;Kim, Yun-Jung;Ban, Young-Hwa;Kim, Jong-Sung;Yoon, Seok-Joon;Kim, Soon-Young;Ahn, Soon-Ki;Nam, Hae-Sung
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.234-243
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    • 2017
  • Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the diabetes education program implemented in a community hypertension and diabetes education center. Methods: Participants were thirty nine diabetic patients who received the education program in the center from May 2014 through May 2015. The education program consisted of two sessions for 2 days (45 minutes per session) regarding clinical information, nutrition and exercise for type 2 diabetes patients. Initially, they were assessed for general characteristics, knowledge on diabetes, self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Reassessment was performed on their knowledge and self-efficacy directly after the program, and on self-care behaviors at 12 weeks after the program. Results: The mean score of diabetes knowledge was significantly increased from $5.27{\pm}2.10$ to $8.21{\pm}1.20$ (p<0.001) between before and after the program. The self-efficacy score was also significantly increased from $6.88{\pm}1.72$ to $8.16{\pm}1.47$ (p<0.001). The self-care behavior score was significantly increased from $3.59{\pm}1.89$ before the program to $4.35{\pm}1.29$ (p<0.001) at 12 weeks after the program. Conclusion: The diabetes education program may be effective on the improvement of knowledge, self-efficacy and self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients.

A Study on the Cooking in 'The Kosa-sibi Jip' (2) ("고사십이집(攷事十二集)"의 조리가공에 관한 분석적 연구(2))

  • 김성미
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 1994
  • In this paper, twenty-five kinds of food presented in Sooljip(戌集) 5 and 6 of Food collections of 'Kosa-sibi Jip(攷事十二集)' have been classified into four : Staple food, subsidiary food, Tuck(rice cake) and Han-gwa(Korean confectionery), and Tang-jng and tea. Cooking processes have been examined and scientifically analyzed in terms of cooking, Fourteen kinds of Jook (thick gruel with cereal) as well as Urak-Jook were presented among the methods of making Jook, one of staple foods. Milk and ground rice were boiled together into Urak-Jook, which was nutritious because of carbohydrate, added to milk. Hong-sa Myun was mode of ground shrimps, ground bean, ground rice and flour which were kneaded together. It was a nutritiously balanced food. Nineteen kinds of Kimchi presented in this book were classified by the recipes. The five of Jook-soon Ja, U-so Ja, Tam-bok Ja and Jo-gang were made by adding red malt and cereals(boiled rice or candies). Jo-gang, Jo-ga and Jo-gwa-chae were made by adding salt and rice wine. With salt and fermenters added, eight were made. Chim-jup-jeo-ga was made by adding Jang(soy-bean sauce) and the inner chaff of wheat instead of salt. The four of Ka-za-san, Hwang-gwa-san, Tong-gwa-san and Jo-gang were made by adding salt and vinegar. Jo-gang was made by adding salt, rice wine, residue of rice wine and candies. The four of Kae-mal-ga, Ku-cho-chim-chae, Un-gu-hwa and Suk-hwa-chim-chim-chae were made by adding salt and spices. San-got-Kimchi was made without salt. San-got-Kimchi and Suk-hwa-chim-chae were made originally in Korea. Suk-hwa-chim-chae, in particular, was first classified as a kind of Kimchi in this book and oysters were added, which is notable. Pork could be preserved longer when smoked oven the weak fire of thatch ten days and nights. Dog meat was sauced and placed on the bones in a pot. A porcelain was put on the top of the pot. Flour paste sealed the gap between the porcelain and the pot. Some water was poured into the porcelain, and the meat was steamed, with two or three thatched sacks burned, which was a distilled dry steaming. This process has been in use up to now. Various cooking methods of chicken were presented from in Umsik-dimi-bang to in Chosun Musang Sinsik Yori Jebup. These methods were ever present regardless of ages. Such measuring units as Guin(斤) and Nyang(兩) were most frequently used in cooking processes of this book, except in case of Jang(soy bean sauce), vinegar and liquor. Twenty eight kinds of kitchenware and cookers were used, of which porcelains wee most used and pans and sieves followed. The scientific eight cooking methods were as follows. First, salt was refined through saturated solution. Next, it was recommended Hong-sa Myun containing shrimps should not be taken along with pork, which is thought to be a proper diet in terms of cholesterol contained by shrimps and pork. Third, meat was coated with thin gruel and quickly roasted and cleared of the dried gruel membrane, which prevented nutrients from exuding and helped to make the meat well-done. Fourth, The fruit of paper mulberry trees has the protease which can soften meat. Therefore when meat was boiled with th fruit of paper mulberry trees, it can be softened easily. Fifth, pork was smoked over the weak fire of thatch. Sixth, in cooking dog meat, distilled dry steaming raised the boiling point and made it possible to preserve meat longer. Seventh, in boiling the sole of a bear, lime was added, which made meat tender by making the pH lower or higher than that of raw meat. Finally, in boiling down rice gluten, a porcelain in the pot prevented boiling over the brim, which is applied to pots in which to boil medical herbs.

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Serial Survey on Group A beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal Carrier Rate and Serotyping in Elementary School Children in 1996~1998 (3년간(1996~1998) 초등학생의 A군 연쇄구균 보균율과 혈청학적 분류에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun;Kim, Ju-Ye;Kang, Hyeon-Ho;Cha, Sung-Ho;Lee, Young-Hee
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.143-151
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    • 2000
  • Purpose : The accuracy of bacteriologic diagnosis of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis depends on the degree of carrier rate in that area where the throat swabs are obtained and the evaluation of serological T typing as an epidemiologic marker is important to understand epidemiology of streptococcal infection. The purpose of this study is to know the carrier rates of group A streptococcus in normal children form four different areas and to find out the epidemiologic characteristic in distribution of the serotypes for 3 years. Method : Throat swabs were obtained from the tonsillar fossa of normal school children in four different areas(Uljin, Seoul, Osan, Kunsan) from March to May 1996, in Uljin in April 1997, and in Uljin in April 1998. The samples were plated on a 5% sheep blood agar plate and incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$ before examination for the presence of beta-hemolytic colonies. All isolated beta-hemolytic streptococcus were grouped and serotyped by T agglutination. Results : The carrier rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci and group A streptococci in 1996 were 27.6%, 18.6% at Uljin; 16.4%, 2.7% at Seoul; 33.0%, 26.0% at Osan; 20.0%, 12.3% at Kunsan, respectively. Among 1,192 normal school children from 4 different areas, we obtained 179 strains of group A streptococci. Fifty two percent of the strains were typable by T agglutination in 1996. Common T-type in 1996 were NT, T1, T3, T2 at Uljin; T12, T25 at Seoul; NT, T6, T28 at Osan; T25, T4, NT, T5 at Kunsan, in decreasing order, respectively. At Uljin, T1, T3, T25 accounted for 69% of strains in 1996, T1, T12, T25 accounted for 70% in 1997, and T12, T4 accounted for 88% in 1998. Conclusion : Higher carrier rates were found in Uljin and Osan, where there are a lower population density with scanty of medical facilities compared with another areas. We supposed that low carrier rates is likely to be related to antibiotic abuse or some epidemiologic factor. The periodic and seasonal serotyping analysis is important in monitoring and understanding the epidemiologic patterns of group A streptococci.

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Surgical Treatment for T4 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Invading Mediastinal Structures (종격동 구조물을 침범한 T4 비소세포폐암의 수술적 치료)

  • 황은구;이해원;정진행;박종호;조재일;심영목;백희종
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.349-355
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    • 2004
  • Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with invasion of mediastinal structures is classified as stage IIIB, and has been considered surgically unresectable However, in a selected group of these patients, better results after surgical resection compared to non-surgical group have been reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of surgical resection in treatment of mediastinal T4 NSCLC. Material and Method: Among 1067 patients who underwent surgical intervention for non-small cell lung cancer from Aug 1987 to Dec 2001 in Korea cancer center hospital, 82 patients had an invasion of T4 mediastinal structures (7.7%). Resection was possible in 63patients (63/82 resectability 76.8%). Their medical records in Data Base were reviewed, and they were followed up completely until Jun 2002. Surgical results and prognostic factors of NSCLC invading mediastinal structures were evaluated retrospectively. Result Lung cancer was resected completely in 52 patients (63.4%, 52/82). Lung resection was lobectomy (or more) in 14, pneumonectomy in 49. The mediastinal structures invaded by primary tumor were great vessel (61.9%), heart (19%), vagus nerve (9.5%), esophagus (7.9%), and vertebral body (7.9%). Nodal status was N0 in 11, N1 in 24, and N2 in 28 (44.4%). Neoadjuvant therapy was done in 6 (9.5%, 5 chemotherapy, 1 radiotherapy), and adjuvant therapy was added in 44 (69.8%, 15 chemotherapy, 29 radiotherapy) in resection group (n=63). Complication was occurred in 23 (31.7%), and operative mortality was 9.5% in resection group. Median and 5 year overall survival including operative mortality was 18.1 months and 21.7% in resection group (n=63), 6.2months and 0% in exploration only group (n=19, p=.001), 39 months and 32.9% in N2 (-) resection group (n=35), and 8.8 months and 8.6% in N2 (+) resection group (n=28, p=.007). The difference of overall survival by mediastinal structure was not significant. Conclusion: The operative risk of NSCLC invading mediastinal structures was high but acceptable, and long-term result of resection was favorable in selected group. Aggressive resection is recommended in well selected pateints with good performace and especially N2 (-) NSCLC with mediastinal invasion.

Development of the Information Delivery System for the Home Nursing Service (가정간호사업 운용을 위한 정보전달체계 개발 I (가정간호 데이터베이스 구축과 뇌졸중 환자의 가정간호 전산개발))

  • Park, J.H;Kim, M.J;Hong, K.J;Han, K.J;Park, S.A;Yung, S.N;Lee, I.S;Joh, H.;Bang, K.S
    • Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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    • v.4
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    • pp.5-22
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

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EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATION ON ENAMEL AND DENTIN BOND STRENGTH AND RESIN INFILTRATION IN ALL-IN-ONE ADHESIVE SYSTEMS (All-in-one 접착제에서 초음파진동이 법랑질과 상아질의 결합강도와 레진침투에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Bum-Eui;Jang, Ki-Taeg;Lee, Sang-Hoon;Kim, Chong-Chul;Hahn, Se-Hyun
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.66-78
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    • 2004
  • The objective of this study was to apply the vibration technique to reduce the viscosity of bonding adhesives and thereby compare the bond strength and resin penetration in enamel and dentin achieved with those gained using the conventional technique and vibration technique. For enamel specimens, thirty teeth were sectioned mesio-distally. Sectioned two parts were assigned to same adhesive system but different treatment(vibration vs. non-vibration). Each specimen was embedded in 1-inch inner diameter PVC pipe with a acrylic resin. The buccal and lingual surfaces were placed so that the tooth and the embedding medium were at the same level. The samples were subsequently polished silicon carbide abrasive papers. Each adhesive system was applied according to its manufacture's instruction. Vibration groups were additionally vibrated for 15 seconds before curing. For dentin specimen, except removing the coronal part and placing occlusal surface at the mold level, the remaining procedures were same as enamel specimen. Resin composite(Z250. 3M. U.S.A.) was condensed on to the prepared surface in two increments using a mold kit(Ultradent Inc., U.S.A.). Each increments was light cured for 40 seconds. After 24 hours in tap water at room temperature, the specimens were thermocycled for 1000cycles. Shear bond strengths were measured with a universal testing machine(Instron 4465, England). To investigate infiltration patterns of adhesive materials, the surface of specimens was examined with scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In enamel the mean values of shear bond strengths in vibration groups(group 2, 4, 6) were greater than those of non-vibration group(group 1, 3, 5). The differences were statistically significant except AQ bond group. 2. In dentin, the mean values of shear bond strengths in vibration groups(group 2, 4, 6) were greater than those of non-vibration groups(group 1, 3, 5). But the differences were not statistically significant except One-Up Bond F group. 3. The vibration group showed more mineral loss in enamel and longer resin tag and greater number of lateral branches in dentin under SEM examination.

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