• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2009

Purpose: The importance of the deformities in alar - columellar complex has been underestimated in Asian ethnic groups for the last decades. Fortunately, with increasing familiarity of the open rhinoplasty techniques, the anatomic details of the nasal tip have been pointed up. Definitely, having an interest and demand for improving the sub - normal relationship between the alar rim and columella are indebted for such growing of knowledge about nasal tip anatomy. However, it is true that any single procedure is not settled as versatile and fully confident modality to correct the retracted notching of the alar rim. With this article, I should like to propose another useful option for treating retracted ala. Methods: The author has tried to correct alar rim retraction by means of: (1) Triangular onlay septal cartilage graft on the lower lateral cartilage with the medial end fixed to the anterior surface of the lateral crus(Alar extension graft), (2) Inserting lateral end of the alar extension graft to the vestibular skin pocket in the form of a finger - in - groove, (3) using the vestibular skin in the form of an advancement flap, and (4) using the soft shield graft to prevent possible visible step - off of the alar margin. Results: The author applied an alar extension graft to 16 patients in order to correct a retracted ala for the last 27 months (August, 2003 - October, 2005). The distances from alar rim to long axis of nostril were improved to be within 2 mm in all of the cases, and also the shape of the alar rim changed to a round form. Nostril asymmetry (6%) in one case, temporary palpable step - off (18%) in three cases, temporary visible step - off (6%) in one case, and temporary paresthesia of the tip (25%) in four cases were observed. Conclusion: The alar extension graft is simple and efficacious. It does not need donor sites other than the operative field, and its results are predictable. In particular, since it may give structural intensity to a weak lower lateral cartilage, it may be preferentially used for the correction of a retracted ala that arises from hypoplastic lower lateral cartilage. Moreover intensified lower lateral cartilage also improves the esthetic shape of lobule.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.803-808
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• 2006

This paper was a study about noise reduction through flow stabilization in duel using experimental method and numerical analysis at the same time. To determine the fan's type three kinds of fans(axial fan, centrifugal fan, and axial fan with centrifugal type) was examined to investigate the suitability for duct. As a result, under the equal number of rotation 2000 RPM, performance of an axial fan with centrifugal type was the most superior by 55dBA at 4.3CMM among other fans. After this, analyzed the results of the numerical analysis to find out the optimum design of pitch angle such as $0^{\circ},\;10^{\circ},\;15^{\circ}\;and\;20^{\circ}$. The intensity of turbulence was low when pitch angle was $15^{\circ}$ and air volume became peak by 5.08 CMM. It was observed that axis component of velocity increased gradually when pitch angle increased from $0^{\circ}\;to\;20^{\circ}$. Finally, designed the shapes of D/S(Down Stream) in duct that agreed inlet angle($\delta$) of stationary blades with pitch angle($\beta$) of axial fan with centrifugal type and derived flow to duct medial, and changed the shape of motor-mount to reduce occurance of unstable vortex in tip of impeller, and embodied noise reduction and improvement of air flow rate through flow stabilization.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.135-142
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• 2002

To show the analytic approach to website sue, this paper discusses style's function that is immediately related to users emotional and aesthetic satisfaction. And we make an analysis of several websites based on various visual factors. Style provides emotion, a shared experience, context that makes the message arts function immediately apparent, and interests. It is a principle design feature that parallels cognitive function. Visual factors of website interface could be extracted from various aspects which are organization level, medial level, and formative level. Based on the extracted visual factors, we analyze the style which convey emotional idea. We select several sites which are opposite side in the image map with son-hard and warm-cool axis, and then make an analysis of them in two points which are organization and formative factors and communication means for emotional effect. To understand the systematic approach to website style could be helpful for figuring out the design problems and bringing out many solutions. It could be base for concrete guideline for website page design.

• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Recently, feature-based solid modeling systems have been widely used in product design. However, for engineering analysis of a product model, an ed CAD model composed of mid-surfaces is desirable for conditions in which the ed model does not affect analysis result seriously. To meet this requirement, a variety of solid ion methods such as MAT (medial axis transformation) have been proposed to provide an ed CAE model from a solid design model. The algorithm of the MAT approach can be applied to any complicated solid model. However, additional work to trim and extend some parts of the result is required to obtain a practically useful CAE model because the inscribed sphere used in the MAT method generates insufficient surfaces with branches. On the other hand, the mid-surface ion approach supports a practical method for generating a two-dimensional ed model, even though it has difficulties in creating a mid-surface from some complicated parts. In this paper, we propose a dimension reduction approach on solid models based on the midsurface abstraction approach. This approach simplifies the solid model by abbreviating or removing trivial features first such as the fillet, mounting, or protrusion. The geometry of each face is replaced with mid-patches from the simplified model, and then unnecessary topological entities are deleted to generate a clean ed model. Also, additional work, such as extending and stitching mid-patches, completes the generation of a mid-surface model from the patches.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2012

Purpose: There are various methods proposed for the evaluation of the hindfoot alignment. However, due to structural calcaneus variances between patients, it is hard to assess this alignment definitively. Thus, this study proposes a new method for evaluating of the hindfoot alignment and its comparisons to the existing current methods. Materials and Methods: This study includes simple weight bearing hindfoot coronal view radiographs of 120 patients, taken between the time period of March 2008 to November 2009. Among the 120 patients, there was a 1:1 ratio of male to female with an average age of 40. The newly proposed method for evaluating this alignment is to draw a moment arm from the point where the sustentaculum tali meets the medial calcaneus border to the most prominent aspect of the lateral process of the calcaneal tuberosity. The angle produced via the intersection of this moment arm to the mid-longitudinal axis of the tibia is found and used to evaluate the hindfoot alignment. The inter and intra-observer reliability was evaluated using the coefficient of intraclass correlation. This study also investigates the comparisons between the newly proposed method to the traditionally used Saltzman et al hindfoot alignment evaluating technique. Results: The newly proposed method has higher inter and intra-observer reliability than the existing traditional Saltzman et al technique. Conclusion: This new method is recommended over the traditionally used Saltzman et al technique as it has a stronger confidence level and is appropriate for assessing hindfoot alignment in simple radiographs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 2020

Aortic dissection refers to the separation of the aorta into a true and false lumen as the medial membrane of the aorta is torn along the long axis due to a high aortic pressure when a minute rupture occurs in the aortic lining. The mortality rate is very high, and aortic dissection occurs 2~5 times more in men than women. The prevalent age range is 50~70 years old. In this case, the authors experienced a diagnosis of aortic dissection that occurred in a young woman in her 30s, which does not occur frequently. In the process of tracking severe aortic regurgitation, aortic valve prolapse was initially suspected. We report this case because aortic dissection could be diagnosed by observing the intimal flap of the ascending aorta in the process of confirming this suspected part.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2010

Pore network models are useful tools to investigate soil pore geometry. These models provide quantitative information of pore geometry from 3D images. This study presents a pore network model to quantify pore structure and hydraulic characteristics. The objectives of this work were to apply the pore network model to characterize pore structure from large images to quantify pore structure, calculate water retention and hydraulic conductivity properties from a three dimensional soil image, and to combine measured hydraulic properties from experiments with calculated hydraulic properties from image. Soil samples were taken from a site located at the Baltimore science center, which is located inside of the city. Undisturbed columns were taken from the site and scanned with a computer tomographer at resolutions of 22 ${\mu}m$. Pore networks were extracted by medial-axis transformation and were used to measure pore geometry from one of the scanned samples. Water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values were calculated from the soil image. Properties of soil bulk density, water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were measured from three replicates of scanned soil samples. 3D image analysis provided accurate detailed pore properties such as individual pore volumes, pore length, and tortuosity of all pores. These data made possible to calculate accurate estimations of water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Combination of the calculated and measured hydraulic properties gave more accurate information on pore sizes over wider range than measured or calculated data alone. We could conclude that the hydraulic property computed from soil images and laboratory measurements can describe a full structure of intra- and inter-aggregate pores in soil.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 1998

This study was intended to perform the influence of condyle positional change after surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion after orthognathic surgery in 37 patients(male 13, female 24) using computed tomogram that were taken in centric occlusion before, immediate after, and long term after surgery and lateral cephalogram that were taken in centric occlusion before, 7 days within the period of intermaxillary fixation, at the 24 hours later removing intermaxillary fixation and long term after surgery. 1. Mean intercondylar distance was $84.42{\pm}5.30mm$ and horizontal long axis of condylar angle was $12.79{\pm}4.92^{\circ}$ on the right, $13.53{\pm}5.56^{\circ}$ on the left side. Condylar lateral poles were located about 12mm and medial poles about 7mm away from the reference line(AA') on the axial tomogram. Mean intercondylar distance was $83.15{\pm}4.62mm$ and vertical axis angle of condylar angle was $76.28{\pm}428^{\circ}$ on the right, $78.30{\pm}3.79^{\circ}$ on the left. 2. In amount of set back, We found the condylar change(T2C-T1C) which had increasing tendency in group III (amount of setback : 10-15mm). but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05). 3. There was some correlation between condylar change(T2C-T1C) and TMJ dysfunction. It seemed that postoperative condylar change had influenced postoperative TMJ dysfunction, through there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). As we have observed the change of condylar axis in the group that complained of TMJ dysfunction in cases of large amount of mandibular setback. So we consider that the more trying to conserve condylar position will decrease occurrence rate of post operational TMJ dysfunction.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.72-78
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to evaluate the patient's setup errors in TomoTherapy (Hi-Art II, TomoTherapy, USA) Bodyfix system (Medical Intelligence, Ele-kta, Schwabmuchen, Germany) pressure in the vacuum compression, depending on and were evaluated. Bodyfix immobilization system and vacuum pressure was compression applied to the patients who received Tomotherapy thoracic and abdominal area, 21 patients were selected and TomoTehpay treatment total 477 of MVCT images were obtained. The translational (medial-lateral: ML, anterior-posterior: AP, superior-inferior: SI directions) and rolling were recorded and analyzed statistically. Using Pearson's product-moment coefficient and One-way ANOVA, the degree of correlation depending on the different vacuum pressure levels were statistically analyzed for setup errors from five groups (p<0.05). The largest average and standard deviation of systematic errors were 6.00, 5.95 mm in the AP and SI directions, respectively. The largest average of random errors were 4.72 mm in the SI directions. The correlation coefficients were 0.485, 0.244, and 0.637 for the ML-Roll, AP-Vector, and SI-Vector, respectively. SI-Vector direction showed the best relationship. In the results of the different degree of vacuum pressure in five groups (Pressure range: 30~70 mbar), the setup errors between the ML, SI in both directions and Roll p=0.00 (p<0.05) were shown significant differences. The average errors of SI direction in the vacuum pressure of 40 mbar and 70 mbar group were 4.78 mm and -0.74 mm, respectively. In this study, the correlation between the vacuum pressure and the setup-errors were statistically analyzed. The fact that setup-errors in SI direction is dependent in vacuum pressure considerly setup-errors and movement of interal organs was identified. Finally, setup-errors, and it, based on the movement of internal organs in Bodyfix system we should apply more than 50 mbar vacuum pressure. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that accuracy of the vacuum pressure and the quantitative analysis of movement of internal organs and the tumor should be studied.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1094-1102
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• 2001

Objective : During the trans-condylar or trans-jugular approach for the lesion of cranio-cervical junction(CCJ), its necessary to identify the accurate locations of vertebral artery(VA), internal jugular vein(IJV) and its related lower cranial nerves. These neurovascular structures can also be damaged during the operation for vascular tumor or traumatic aneurysm around extra-jugular foramen, because of their changed locations. To reduce the neurovascular injury at the operation for CCJ, morphometric relationship of its surrounding neurovascular structures based on the tip of the transverse process of atlas(C1 TP), were studied. Materials & Methods : Using 10 adult formalin fixed cadavers, tip of mastoid process(MT) and TPs of atlas and axis were exposed bilaterally after removal of occipital and posterior neck muscles. Using standard caliper, the distances were measured from the C1 TP to the following structures : 1) exit point of VA from C1 transverse foramen, 2) branching point of muscular artery from VA, 3) entry point of VA into posterior atlanto-occipital membrane(AOM), 4) branching point of C-1 nerve. In addition, the distances were measured from the mid-portion of the posterior arch of atlas to the entry point of the VA into AOM and to the exit point of the VA from C1 transverse foramen. After removal of the ventrolateral neck muscles, neurovascular structures were exposed in the extra-jugular foraminal region. Distances were then measured from the C1 TP to the following structures : 1) just extra-jugular foraminal IJV and lower cranial nerves, 2) MT and branching point of facial nerve in parotid gland. In addition, distance between MT and branching point of facial nerve was measured. Results : The VA was located at the mean distance of 12mm(range, 10.5-14mm) from the C1 transverse foramen and entered into the AOM at the mean distance of 24mm(range, 22.8-24.4mm) from the C1 TP. The mean distance from the mid portion of the C1 posterior arch was 20.6mm(range, 19.1-22.3mm) to the entry point of the VA into AOM and 38.4mm(range, 34-42.4mm) to the exit point of the VA from C1 transverse foramen. Muscular artery branched away from the posterior aspect of the transverse portion of VA below the occipital condyle at the mean distance of 22.3mm(range, 15.3-27.5mm) from the C1 TP. The C-1 nerve was identified in all specimens and ran downward through the ventroinferior surface of the transverse segment of VA and branched at the mean distance of 20mm(range, 17.7-20.3mm) from the C1 TP. The IJV was located at the mean distance of 6.7mm(range, 1-13.4mm) ventromedially from the lateral surface of the C1 TP. The XI cranial nerve ran downward on the lateral surface of the IJV at the mean distance of 5mm(range, 3-7.5mm) from the C1 TP. Both IX and X cranial nerves were located in the soft tissue between the medial aspect of the internal carotid artery(ICA) and the medial aspect of the IJV at the mean distance of 15.3mm(range, 13-24mm) and 13.7mm(range, 11-15.4mm) from the C1 TP, respectively. The IX cranial nerve ran downward ventroinferiorly crossing the lateral aspect of the ICA. The X cranial nerve ran downward posteroinferior to the IX cranial nerve and descended posterior to the ICA. The XII cranial nerve was located between the posteroinferior aspect of the IX cranial nerve and the posterior aspect of the ICA at the mean distance of 13.3mm(range, 9-15mm) ventromedially from the C1 TP. The distance between MT and C1 TP was 17.4mm(range, 12.5-23.9mm). The VII cranial nerve branched at the mean distance of 10.2mm(range, 6.8-15.3mm) ventromedially from the MT and at the mean distance of 17.3mm(range, 13-21mm) anterosuperiorly from the C1 TP. Conclusion : This study facilitates an understanding of the microsurgical anatomy of CCJ and may help to reduce the neurovascular injury at the surgery around CCJ.