• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.291-296
• /
• 2011

The aims of the present study were to investigate the anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of medetomidine-ketamine combination and to compare antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on the recovery of pig from anesthesia induced by medetomidine-ketamine combination. Landrace and Yorkshire cross-bred pigs were evaluated in the present study. Pigs (n = 8) received three different treatments (one treatment per 14 days in a random order). All pigs were injected intramuscularly with medetomidine, and ketamine in a single syringe. Intravenous injections of atipamezole (MKA), yohimbine (MKY), or a control saline solution (MK) were administered 20 minutes after the medetomidine-ketamine combination injection. The intravenous antagonist injections quickly reversed the medetomidine-ketamine induced sedation in the pigs, resulting in a significantly shorter duration of anesthesia in the MKA and MKY groups compared to the MK group. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) levels were significantly lower in the MKA and MKY groups compared to the MK group. Scores for posture and responses to noxious stimuli after atipamezole and yohimbine administration were significantly lower in the MKA and MKY groups than in the MK. In conclusion, the sedative effects and increases in blood pressure induced by a medetomidine-ketamine combination were quickly and smoothly reversed by atipamezole or yohimbine.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.415-420
• /
• 2013

This study was performed to examine the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine (MMK) combination in ten beagle dogs. Dogs were randomly allocated to two groups. Treatment group MMK-L received 0.015 mg/kg medetomidine followed by 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 5 mg/kg ketamine by intramuscular injection. Treatment group MMK-H received 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine followed by 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 5 mg/kg ketamine by intramuscular injection. Induction, anesthesia, sternal recumbency, standing, walking time, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and arterial blood gases were measured. Mean anesthesia time was significantly different between MMK-L group ($52.4{\pm}11.08$ minutes) and MMK-H group ($78.2{\pm}20.72$ minutes). Sedative scores and noxious stimuli were raised to the maximum value at 5 minutes after administration of the test dose and maintained until 40 minutes in both groups. In both groups, the heart rate significantly decreased after MMK administration. The blood pressures (MAP, SAP and DAP) increased after MMK administration but there were no significant differences in blood pressures between two groups. In conclusion, intramuscular administration of medetomidine followed by intramuscular injection of midazolam and ketamine in beagle dogs, leads immediate and sufficient anesthesia and proper doses of medetomidine for minimal adverse effects in intramuscular MMK combination will be 0.015 mg/kg in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 2012

This study examined the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with ketamine-butorphanol in dogs. Five dogs were used in both the medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (MKB) group and the xylazine-ketamine-butorphanol (XKB) group. The procedures for the two groups were performed 4 weeks apart. MKB group showed a shorter duration for anesthesia than XKB group. Other factors were not statistically significant between the two groups. The MKB group showed signs of bradycardia, therefore cautious patient monitoring is necesessary. The XKB showed a longer anesthetic time and less adverse effects, however the MKB combination was more expensive and had less advantages. In conclusion, the results suggested the recommended use of both MKB and XKB in procedures that need approximately 50 minutes. If patients have a risk of bradycardia, one should be cautious of using a medetomidine-xylazine-butorphanol combination. Both MKB and XKB did not have much adverse effects; however MKB did not have advantages when compared to XKB. Therefore, XKB may be more effective when compared to MKB.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.211-218
• /
• 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the anesthetic effects of medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) combination and to compare antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine in dogs anesthetized with MMK. Eighteen adult male healthy beagles were used in this study. All dogs were anesthetized with intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) in one syringe. Intravenous (IV) administration of atipamezole (0.24 mg/kg, MMKA), yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg, MMKY) or saline solution (0.1 ml/kg, MMK) was administered 20 minutes after MMK combination anesthesia. Induction and recovery times, scores of sedation and analgesia, heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood gases were determined and recorded for each dog. Mean anesthesia times, sternal recumbency times, standing times and walking times in the MMKA and MMKY groups were significantly shorter than those in the MMK group. But there were not significantly different between MMKA and MMKY groups. In all groups, MMK administration produced a satisfactory sedation and analgesia for all dogs. However, after administration of atipamezole or yohimbine the scores for posture and response to noxious stimuli were significantly lower in the MMKA or MMKY group than those in the MMK group. MMK produced good sedation and anesthesia effects, and atipamezole or yohimbine can be used as a safe and effective agent for antagonizing the MMK anesthesia in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.501-505
• /
• 2003

The chemical immobilization in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) remains a challenge because of their size, behavior, and anatomic and physiologic characteristics that commonly create life threatening problems during immobilization. The drug combination medetomidine (MED) and ketamine (KET) was administered by remote injection. The dosages of MED and KET were correlated to the giraffe's shoulder height (SH), become recumbent with a dosage of $114{\mu}g$ of MED and 2.1 mg of KET, $320{\mu}g$ of atipamezole per cm of SH, respectively. After injection of the drugs, initial signs of sedation including ataxia were noticed at 3 minutes followed by lateral recombency at 12 minutes. The mean heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature recorded during the procedures were 55 beats per minute, 48 breaths per minute and $36.6^{\circ}C$, respectively. Atipamezole was administered, after 33 minutes result in death. Assuming that 24 hours fasting times were short and light esteemed of atipamzole adverse effects like vomiting, passive regurgitation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
• /
• 2009.10a
• /
• pp.249-249
• /
• 2009

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
• /
• 2009.04a
• /
• pp.294-294
• /
• 2009

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.479-485
• /
• 2011

The cardiopulmonary responses during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) between remifentanil/propofol infusion and remifentanil/ketamine infusion in dogs were compared. Fourteen healthy adult beagle dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, SC) and medetomidine (20 ${\mu}g$/kg, IV), and anesthetized for 3 hr with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min)/propofol (loading dose: 1 mg/kg, CRI: 0.3 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'P') or remifentanil/ ketamine (loading dose : 5 mg/kg, CRI: 0.1 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'K'), respectively. Hemodynamics, blood gas analysis and behavioral changes during recovery were measured. The level of anesthesia was determined by toe-web clamping test. The level of surgical anesthesia was maintained throughout the experiment in both groups. Systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, $PaO_2$ and $SpO_2$ in group 'K' were significantly higher than in group 'P', and were maintained near the normal ranges. In addition, $PaO_2$ in group 'K' was significantly lower than in group 'P'. However, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were not significantly differed. Mean extubation time from the end of infusion was significantly reduced in group 'K', but mean sitting time was significantly reduced in group 'P'. Mean head-up time and mean walking time were not significantly differed. In group 'K', brief muscle rigidity, head waving and licking during recovery were observed. In conclusion, infusion rate of ketamine (0.1 mg/ kg/min) with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min) is an appropriate for obtaining the surgical plane of anesthesia. These results showed that group 'K' had better cardiopulmonary function than group 'P'. That is, remifentanil/ketamine CRI is better TIVA protocol than remifentanil/propofol CRI for 3 hr surgery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.63 no.4
• /
• pp.35.1-35.10
• /
• 2023

Non-human primate (NHP) research faces challenges due to zoonosis risk and complex veterinary management yet lacks standardized guidelines for animal care. Therefore, we developed an advanced veterinary management protocol for NHP quarantine, anesthesia, and postoperative care. Three female 4 to 5-year-old cynomolgus monkeys were anesthetized and underwent various tests, including body weight, temperature, blood tests, urinalysis, microbiological monitoring, and physical and dental examinations. Ivermectin and medicated baths were administered to eradicate ectoparasites and endoparasites, and testing was repeated 30 days later. Following quarantine, we performed computed tomography and anesthesia maintenance for mastoidectomy. To relieve pain and maintain body weight, we administered tramadol intramuscularly 4 times/day for 3 days and meloxicam subcutaneously twice daily for 14 days. Feed replacements were provided. During the 33-day quarantine period, physical examinations revealed no abnormalities indicative of infectious diseases, and no specific clinical symptoms were observed. Through a preliminary test of anesthesia time, we selected ketamine 4 mg/kg + medetomidine 50 ㎍/kg for short experiments such as computed tomography, and ketamine 8 mg/kg + medetomidine 50 ㎍/kg for intubation. Ten days after mastoidectomy, NHPs consumed 100 kcal/kg and recovered their body weight. This study offers advanced veterinary management guideline for NHP research. Such protocols can lead to more standardized and ethical practices in NHP research, thereby enhancing the quality of studies on NHPs and the translation of findings to human health and disease.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.539-546
• /
• 2009

The effect of hemorrhage on the electroencephalogram(EEG) was investigated in fifteen mixed-breed dogs anesthetized with ketamine, propofol and isoflurane. Animals were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 5) by anesthetic agents; group 1 (ketamine 5 mg/kg, IV), group 2 (propofol $156\;{\mu}g$/kg/min, IV) and group 3 (isoflurane 2.0% end-tidal concentration). Medetomidine ($40\;{\mu}g$/kg, IM) was used in all dogs as a preanesthetic agent. Recording electrode for EEG was positioned at CZ. EEG, heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, $pCO_2$, $pO_2$ and blood pH were measured before anesthesia, after anesthesia and after every bleedings. Three bleedings were accomplished by drawing blood through the femoral artery catheter at a rate of 7 ml/kg (10% of total blood volume) for 10 minutes. In the course of hemorrhage, a systolic/diastolic pressure continuously decreased in all groups. The $pCO_2$ values and heart rates were increased in all groups. The $pO_2$ values were most significantly increased in group 1 compared with those in other groups. The pH values were not significantly changed. On statistical analysis of EEG, there was no significant changes in group 1 and 3. But in group 2, band 3, 4 and 7 were significantly altered after 2nd and 3rd bleeding. Power alterations of band 3, 4 and 7 were thought to be related with hemorrhage over 20% of total blood volume in group 2. In conclusion, the regulation of infusion rate would be considered when a dog, anesthetized with propofol, bleed over 20% of total blood volume.