• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.625-638
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• 2007

The damage detection process may appear difficult to be implemented for truss structures because not all degrees of freedom in the numerical model can be experimentally measured. In this context, the damage locating vector (DLV) method, introduced by Bernal (2002), is a useful approach because it is effective when operating with an arbitrary number of sensors, a truncated modal basis and multiple damage scenarios, while keeping the calculation in a low level. In addition, the present paper also evaluates the noise influence on the accuracy of the DLV method. In order to verify the DLV behavior under different damages intensities and, mainly, in presence of measurement noise, a parametric study had been carried out. Different excitations as well as damage scenarios are numerically tested in a continuous Warren truss structure subjected to five noise levels with a set of limited measurement sensors. Besides this, it is proposed another way to determine the damage locating vectors in the DLV procedure. The idea is to contribute with an alternative option to solve the problem with a more widespread algebraic method. The original formulation via singular value decomposition (SVD) is replaced by a common solution of an eigenvector-eigenvalue problem. The final results show that the DLV method, enhanced with the alternative solution proposed in this paper, was able to correctly locate the damaged bars, using an output-only system identification procedure, even considering small intensities of damage and moderate noise levels.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.369-385
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• 2002

Ductility capacity is comprehensively studied for steel moment-resisting frames. Local, story and global ductility are being considered. An appropriate measure of global ductility is suggested. A time domain nonlinear seismic response algorithm is used to evaluate several definitions of ductility. It is observed that for one-story structures, resembling a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system, all definitions of global ductility seem to give reasonable values. However, for complex structures it may give unreasonable values. It indicates that using SDOF systems to estimate the ductility capacity may be a very crude approximation. For multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems some definitions may not be appropriate, even though they are used in the profession. Results also indicate that the structural global ductility of 4, commonly used for moment-resisting steel frames, cannot be justified based on this study. The ductility of MDOF structural systems and the corresponding equivalent SDOF systems is studied. The global ductility values are very different for the two representations. The ductility reduction factor $F_{\mu}$ is also estimated. For a given frame, the values of the $F_{\mu}$ parameter significantly vary from one earthquake to another, even though the maximum deformation in terms of the interstory displacement is roughly the same for all earthquakes. This is because the $F_{\mu}$ values depend on the amount of dissipated energy, which in turn depends on the plastic mechanism, formed in the frames as well as on the loading, unloading and reloading process at plastic hinges. Based on the results of this study, the Newmark and Hall procedure to relate the ductility reduction factor and the ductility parameter cannot be justified. The reason for this is that SDOF systems were used to model real frames in these studies. Higher mode effects were neglected and energy dissipation was not explicitly considered. In addition, it is not possible to observe the formation of a collapse mechanism in the equivalent SDOF systems. Therefore, the ductility parameter and the force reduction factor should be estimated by using the MDOF representation.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.200-208
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• 1998

외부로부터 정적 혹은 동적 하중을 받는 암반절리의 거동특성을 규명하기 위해서 교란상태 개념(Disturbed State Concept, DSC)을 이용한 구성방정식 이론과 이 이론을 수치해석에 적용하기 위한 응력-변형률 관계식을 소개한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 DSC 이론은 변형준인 암반절 리가 상대적으로 손상되지 않은 상태(Relative Intact; RI)와 완전 파괴된 상태(Fully Adjusted; FA)의 혼합으로 표현될 수 있다는 가정에 기초를 두고 있다. 여기서 사용된 두가지 상태, 즉 RI 상태와 FA 상태는 암반절리의 파괴정도를 나타내는 지표가 된다. 이러한 가정을 기초로 임의의 하중을 받는 절리는 초기 RI 상태에서 점진적으로 재료 내부의 미세구조 조정기능을 거치면서 최종적으로 파괴가 발생하는 FA 상태로 진행한다. 본 연구에서는 RI 상태, FA상태 그리고 재료의 파괴정도를 나타내는 교란도 함수(D)를 해석적으로 정의하여 암반절리의 역학적 거동특성을 표현하기 위한 응용화를 시도하였다. DSC모델은 암반절리의 경화 및 연화특성을 표현할 수 있으며, 절리의 크기 및 표면의 거침도 등을 고려할 수 있다.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

전단보강근이 없는 보의 거동을 이해하기 위하여 서로 다른 트러스 개념으로부터 출발한 두 종류의 해석방법 및 배경이론[압축응력장(MCFT) 및 균열마찰 (CFTM)이론]을 수단으로 콘크리트 기여강도($V_c$)를 구성하는 i)압축지역의 전단응력, ii)균열면의 마찰작용, iii)주근의 장부작용, iv)아치작용 및 최근에 추가된 v)비균열 부위 잔류 인장강도의 상대적인 중요도를 물리적으로 설명하였다. 또한, 두 해석모델의 평가를 위하여, 최근 국내에서 파괴역학 개념의 크기 효과식 개발에 보다 초점을 맞추어 수행된 일련의 고강도 콘크리트보의 실험결과(20개, $f'_c$=53.7Mpa)를 예측하였다. 예측결과에 의하면, 두 해석모델은 a/d비, 주근량 및 보의 춤이 변화함에 따라 관측된 물리적 현상을 정확하게 포착하고 있었으며, 특히 MCFT로부터 얻어낸 보다 자세한 응력 및 변형도 분포 등에 관한 정보는 일련의 추가적인 설명을 가능하게 하였다. 하지만, 보다 완전한 이론적 배경을 지니고 있는 MCFT는 P4.6 및 D915의 파괴하중을 각각 다소 과소 및 과대 평가하는 경향을 나타내고 있어, 주근량 및 크기효과에 대한 보다 완전한 결론을 유도하기 위해서는 추가적인 실험적 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.227-235
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• 2000

Agricultural products are easily deformable its shape because of some external forces. However, these force behavior is difficult to measure quantitatively. Until now, many researches on the mechanical property was performed with various methods such as material testing, chemical analysis and non-destructive methods. In order to investigate force behavior on the cellular unit of agricultural products, electro-microscope based 3D image processing method will contribute to analysis of plant cells behavior. Before image measurement of plant cells, plant sample was cut off cross-sectioned area in a size of almost 300-400 ${\mu}$ m units using the micron thickness device, and some of preprocessing procedure was performed with fixing and dyeing. However, the wall structure of plant cell is closely neighbor each other, it is necessary to separate its boundary pixel. Therefore, image merging and shrinking algorithm was adopted to avoid disconnection. After then, boundary pixel was traced through thinning algorithm. Each image from the electro-microscope has a information of x,y position and its height along the z axis cross sectioned image plane. 3D image was constructed using the continuous image combination. Major feature was acquired from a fault image and measured area, thickness of cell wall, shape and unit cell volume. The shape of plant cell was consist of multiple facet shape. Through this measured information, it is possible to construct for structure shape of unit plant cell. This micro unit image processing techniques will contribute to the filed of agricultural mechanical property and will use to construct unit cell model of each agricultural products and information of boundary will use for finite element analysis on unit cell image.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2020

This study aims to explore a purely mechanistic pavement analysis approach where viscoelasticity and fracture of asphalt mixtures are considered to accurately predict deformation and damage behavior of flexible pavements. To do so, the viscoelastic and fracture properties of designated pavement materials are obtained through experiments and a fully mechanistic damage analysis is carried out using a finite element method (FEM). While modeling crack development can be done in various ways, this study uses the cohesive zone approach, which is a well-known fracture mechanics approach to efficiently model crack initiation and propagation. Different pavement configurations and traffic loads are considered based on three main functional classes of roads suggested by FHWA i.e., arterial, collector and local. For each road type, three different material combinations for asphalt concrete (AC) and base layers are considered to study damage behavior of pavement. A concept of the approach is presented and a case study where three different material combinations for AC and base layers are considered is exemplified to investigate progressive damage behavior of pavements when mixture properties and layer configurations were altered. Overall, it can be concluded that mechanistic pavement modeling attempted in this study could differentiate the performance of pavement sections due to varying design inputs. The promising results, although limited yet to be considered a fully practical method, infer that a few mixture tests can be integrated with the finite element modeling of the mixture tests and subsequent structural modeling of pavements to better design mixtures and pavements in a purely mechanistic manner.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2009

자동 광검사 장비의 검사 영상 획득과정을 전산모사하는 시뮬레이터를 개발하였다. 시뮬레이터는 광선 추적법을 기반으로 조명 광학계, 검사 대상체 및 결상 광학계의 3가지 모듈로 구성하였다. 각 모듈이 갖는 광학적 특성을 실제와 일치시키기 위해, 다양한 물리적 모델과 실측 결과를 반영하여 주요 인자들의 종류와 범위를 결정하였다. 전산모사 결과의 타당성은 논리적인 검증과정과 실험 결과와의 비교를 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1017-1044
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the random vibration characteristic of train-slab track-bridge interaction system subjected to both track irregularities and earthquakes by use of pseudo-excitation method (PEM). Each vehicle subsystem was modeled by multibody dynamics. A three-dimensional rail-slab- girder-pier finite element model was created to simulate slab track and bridge subsystem. The equations of motion for the entire system were established based on the constraint condition of no jump between wheel and rail. The random load vectors of equations of motion were formulated by transforming track irregularities and seismic accelerations into a series of deterministic pseudo-excitations according to their respective power spectral density (PSD) functions by means of PEM. The time-dependent PSDs of random vibration responses of the system were obtained by step-by-step integration method, and the corresponding extreme values were estimated based on the first-passage failure criterion. As a case study, an ICE3 high-speed train passing a fifteen-span simply supported girder bridge simultaneously excited by track irregularities and earthquakes is presented. The evaluated extreme values and the PSD characteristic of the random vibration responses of bridge and train are analyzed, and the influences of train speed and track irregularities (without earthquakes) on the random vibration characteristic of bridge and train are discussed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.163-180
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• 2009

In the design of tall reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, the serviceability stiffness criteria in terms of maximum lateral displacement and inter-story drift must be satisfied to prevent large second-order P-delta effects. To accurately assess the lateral deflection and stiffness of tall R/C structures, cracked members in these structures need to be identified and their effective member flexural stiffness determined. In addition, the implementation of the geometric nonlinearity in the analysis can be significant for an accurate prediction of lateral deflection of the structure, particularly in the case of tall R/C building under lateral loading. It can therefore be important to consider the cracking effect together with the geometric nonlinearity in the analysis in order to obtain more accurate results. In the present study, a computer program based on the iterative procedure has been developed for the three dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete frames with cracked beam and column elements. Probability-based effective stiffness model is used for the effective flexural stiffness of a cracked member. In the analysis, the geometric nonlinearity due to the interaction of axial force and bending moment and the displacements of joints are also taken into account. The analytical procedure has been demonstrated through the application of R/C frame examples in which its accuracy and efficiency in comparison with experimental and other analytical results are verified. The effectiveness of the analytical procedure is also illustrated through a practical four story R/C frame example. The iterative procedure provides equally good and consistent prediction of lateral deflection and effective flexural member stiffness. The proposed analytical procedure is efficient from the viewpoints of computational effort and convergence rate.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.485-505
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• 2014

This study aimed to develop an approach to accurately predict the wind models and wind effects of large wind turbines. The wind-induced vibration characteristics of a 5 MW tower-blade coupled wind turbine system have been investigated in this paper. First, the blade-tower integration model was established, which included blades, nacelle, tower and the base of the wind turbine system. The harmonic superposition method and modified blade element momentum theory were then applied to simulate the fluctuating wind field for the rotor blades and tower. Finally, wind-induced responses and equivalent static wind loads (ESWL) of the system were studied based on the modified consistent coupling method, which took into account coupling effects of resonant modes, cross terms of resonant and background responses. Furthermore, useful suggestions were proposed to instruct the wind resistance design of large wind turbines. Based on obtained results, it is shown from the obtained results that wind-induced responses and ESWL were characterized with complicated modal responses, multi-mode coupling effects, and multiple equivalent objectives. Compared with the background component, the resonant component made more contribution to wind-induced responses and equivalent static wind loads at the middle-upper part of the tower and blades, and cross terms between background and resonant components affected the total fluctuation responses, while the background responses were similar with the resonant responses at the bottom of tower.