• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.475-480
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• 1993

본 연구는 육류등급제 시행에 따라 유화형 소시지 제조시 원료육의 일반성분과 기능성 규명을 통해서 최소사격배합에 입력자료로서 사용될 원료육의 결착지수를 국내 실정에 맞도록 추정하고자 실시하였다. 각 원료육의 일반성분, 기능성 및 육색소 함량은 축종별 부위별로 다양한 수치를 보였으며 원료육의 결착력(cohesiveness)과 높은 상관산계를 갖는 것이 많았다. 특히 수분, 단백질함량과는 정의 상관관계를, 지방함량과는 부의 상관관계를 나타냄으로써 단지 일반성분 분석치만으로도 원료육의 결착성 추정을 위한 회귀식 산출이 가능하였다. 따라서 분석기기가 갖추어지지 않은 공장현장에서도 최소가격배합에 필요한 결착지수의 추정이 가능하며 기존의 결착지수가 밝혀지지 않은 원료육의 결착지수 추정도 가능하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2009

본 연구결과는 출하돈의 도체품질 향상과 품질인증 프로그램 구축을 위한 자료로 활용하기 위하여 2년 동안 53개 농장에서 출하된 248,787두에 대한 도체평가 결과를 모돈수에 의한 경영규모, 육성비육돈 단계의 사육밀도, 수송시간, 출하시점, 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 및 비육돈사 형태에 따라 도체등급과 PSE 발생율, 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과이며 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 양돈장 경영규모는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 경영규모가 커질수록 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 출현율은 경영규모에 따른 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 양돈장 경영규모에 따라 일정한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2. 육성비육돈사 사육밀도는 도체등급에 영향을 미치며, 중간 밀도에서 좋은 등급을 나타내었으나, PSE 발생율은 낮은 밀도에서 오히려 높게 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 중간 밀도에서 우수하게 나타났으나 피하지방 점수는 사육밀도에 의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 출하돈의 수송시간에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으며, PSE 발생율 역시 수송시간에 의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 수송시간은 도체 육질점수에 영향을 미치며, 1시간을 초과한 수송이 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수, 피하지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수 모두 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 출하시점은 출하후 계류를 통한 도축전 휴식과 관련되는데, 출하시점은 도체등급과 PSE 발생율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수, 근내지방 점수 및 육탄력성 점수는 오전 10시 이전 출하가 우수한 것으로 나타났으나, 피하지방 점수는 차이가 없었다. 5. 비육돈 후기사료 급여비율 차이에 의한 도체등급 차이는 인정되지 않았으나, PSE 발생율은 후기사료 21% 이상 급여가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 후기사료를 21% 이상 급여한 경우가 우수하게 나타났으며, 피하지방 점수는 후기사료를 20% 이내 급여가 우수하였으나, 육탄력성 점수는 비육후기사료 급여비율에 의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 6. 비육돈사 형태에 따른 도체등급의 차이는 무창돈사가 우수하게 나타났으나, PSE 발생율 또한 무창돈사가 높았다. 도체 근간지방 점수와 근내지방 점수는 비육돈사 형태에 의한 차이는 없었으나, 피하지방 점수와 육탄력성 점수는 개방돈사가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 양돈장 관리시스템 및 도축전 취급이 출하돈의 도체등급과 육질점수에 영향을 미치는 구체적인 내용들을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 양돈장 관리시스템과 관련된 각종 환경요인과 관리요인 및 도축전 취급과 관련된 인자들에 대한 세심한 관리를 통하여 스트레스 최소화와 동물복지 향상으로 도체품질 개선과 소비자를 위한 품질인증 시스템을 구축하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.441-448
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• 2011

According to the Korean government policy of expanding HACCP system application to food chain from farm to meat market, the importance of HACCP assessment to keep balance among the certified HACCP plants is urged. The objective of this study is to recommend more effective HACCP assessment methods. We reviewed major foreign countries HACCP implementation policy focused on the audit system, and compared with the Korean HACCP assessment system. We found that the checklist guidelines of prerequisite program were not enough for precise evaluation and many of the items were not directly related to the risk occurrences. And current rating grade for each items and judgments were inadequate to induce non-compliances and corrections for better HACCP implementation. We suggest revision points as follows; (1) checklists should be revised and reorganized according to the possibility of risk occurrences, (2) all the items should be supported by detailed guidelines for more objective inspection, (3) non-compliances identified must be reconfirmed after correction, (4) the items for HACCP plan should be divided into an accreditation inspection and a regular inspection, (5) rating grade 'high', 'medium', 'low', 'failure' was better for indicating non-compliances.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2006

본 연구는 고급육을 생산한 한우의 유전자를 재활용하기 위해 기초 등록우와 혈통 등록우의 육질등급이 1 등급 이상인 암소의 난소에서 개체별로 채취한 난포란을 개체별로 각각 체외 성숙, 체외 수정 및 체외 배양하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 기초 등록우의 육질 등급별로 회수된 난포란은 각각 1 등급 평균 28.9개, $1^+$등급 평균 28.8개, $1^{++}$ 등급 29.6개로 평균 29.0개였다. 기초 등록우의 육질 등급별 배반포배 형성율은 각각 1 등급 27.2%, $1^+$ 등급 28.7%, $1^{++}$ 등급 32.9%로 평균 8.4개의 배반포배가 생산되었으며, 배반포배 형성율은 육질등급간에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 혈통 등록우의 육질 등급별로 회수된 난포란은 각각 1 등급 평균 25.8개, $1^+$등급 평균 27.1개, $1^{++}$ 등급 27.0개로 평균 26.7개였다. 혈통 등록우의 육질 등급별 배반포배 형성율은 각각 1 등급 23.0%, $1^+$ 등급 33.7%, $1^{++}$등급 42.6%로 평균 8.6개의 배반포배가 생산되었으며, 배반포배 형성율은 육질등급간에 유의적 차이가 있었다(p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1553-1558
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of stocking density or group size on feed intake, daily gain, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean indigenous breed) steers reared from 7 months to 31 months of age. Thirty Hanwoo steers were divided into four groups with three replicates each (a total of 12 pens). In each group, one (G1), two (G2), three (G3), and four steers (G4) per pen were allocated as treatments. Pen size was $32.0m^2$, and therefore Hanwoo steers in G1, G2, G3, and G4 were reared under different space allowances, i.e. 32.0, 16.0, 10.6, and $8.0m^2$/steer, respectively. Steers were reared following a conventional beef cattle management method in Korea, and were offered a fixed amount of commercial concentrate with ad libitum forages. Results were subjected to analysis of variance with stocking density as the main effect, and significance was declared at p<0.05. Although total feed intake was not significantly altered, it numerically increased in animals of low stocking density (G1) compared to those subjected to high stocking density treatment (i.e. G4). Feed conversion ratio was higher (p<0.05) in G3 compared to G1 and G2. Animals in G1 (low stocking density) grew faster (p<0.05) than those of high stocking density (G3 and G4). Back fat thickness, meat yield index, and meat yield grade were similar among all levels of stocking density. However, longissimus muscle area was larger in G1 and G2 (p<0.01) compared to G3 and G4, and animals in G3 produced smaller carcasses (p<0.05). Carcass quality traits, including marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, maturity and meat quality grade, as determined by a group of experts, were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, lower stocking density resulted in increased feed efficiency, daily gain, and carcass weight in Hanwoo steers. However it remains unclear whether such differences are the results of stocking density or group size, or a combination of both. Nonetheless, these results confirm previous studies reporting a negative effect of increased stocking density on animal productivity. Further, animal welfare under an intensive farming system in relation to economical return is discussed.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.157-170
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder feeding by 1% level of concentrate on the fattening cross bred bulls(5/8 Korean Native Cattle, 2/8 Charolais, 1/8 Brahman germ plasma) Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment groups which were T1(Full feeding of concentrate and roughage for 12 months), T2(T1 and Scoria addition), T3(T1 and Quartz porphyry addition) and T4(Oak charcoal addition) for 360 days, consisting of 32 heads whose initially weights were about 299.7kg. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. During the over-all period, average daily gains by T3, T4, T2 and T1 were 1.024, 0.987, 0.977kg and 0.964, respectively, without a significant difference by treatments. 2. Concentrate intakes per body weight and TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were lower in addition agent groups than in control, and in all the treatments feed efficiency was higher at early stage for 360 fattening day than at end stage. 3. Carcass weight, dressing percent, back-fat thickness and loin eye muscle area by treatments were 330.9 to 348.4kg(average 340.3kg), 55.2~56.2(average 55.8%), 0.41~0.55(average 0.46cm)and 76.0~80.9$\textrm{cm}^2$(average 77.6$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively, and were improved in addition agent groups than in control. 4. Meat quality grade is higher in addition agent groups than in control, and heads of 1st grade by treatments was 3, 2, 1 and none in T4, T2, T3 and T1, respectively. 5. Incidence heads of diseases by treatment were not apparently different, but diseases of digestive system was decreased in addition agent groups than in control. 6. The nitrate nitrogen content of fattening bull dung which collected in rectum were 0.082~0.089% (average 0.084%), and the content in addition agent groups was smaller than in controll. 7. Income was higher in order of T4, T3, T2, and T1 and incomes of treatment groups were grater than that of control group by 21.4 to 33.5 percent. According to the above results it may be concluded that fattening bulls may be required to feed no more than 1% of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder based on the concentrate feeding level during the fattening period(12 to 24 month of age) to produce high quality meat and increase income.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.433-438
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 한우의 근내 지방 부분을 초음파 기기를 이용하여 촬영한 초음파 영상의 특징 분석을 통해 classification 알고리즘을 이용하여 한우의 도체육질 등급을 예측하는 방법을 제안하며, 인체의 초음파 영상을 이용하여 진단 및 치료 검증 과제에 있어 사전 연구로 진행된 연구로, 차후에는 초음파 영상의 분석 범위를 확대할 예정이다. 한우의 초음파 영상을 활용한 경우에는 생체 정보를 한우 개량의 측면에서 생체 육질 정보를 조기에 획득하여 활용함으로써, 도축하지 않고도 육질 및 육량을 측정하여 개량의 속도를 배가시킬 수 있고, 농가 경영 측면에서 출하시기 및 방법의 조절로 농가 수익향상에 일조할 수 있는 중요한 핵심 기술이다. 이에 대한 많은 연구가 미국과 일본을 중심으로 이루어져 왔으며, 특히 기기에 의한 객관적인 측정방법들이 다양하게 연구되고 있지만 정확도가 낮다. 따라서 제안된 연구에서는 한우의 근내 지방 초음파 영상에 특징점 추출 알고리즘과 classification 알고리즘을 적용하여 한우의 도체 육질을 예측하였다. 실험 결과 제안하는 방법을 적용하였을 경우, 기존의 방법에 비해 효율적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1653-1658
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to examine calpain activity and meat tenderness by three different feeding patterns in Korean native cattle (KNC). Total forty-five animals were assigned each fifteen in long term restriction feeding (LTFR), long-term restriction feeding and hormone treatment (LTFR-tH), and short term non-restriction feeding (STFNR), respectively. Concentrate was restricted based on body weight in exp 1 and 2. However, it was fed ad libitum in exp. 3. Hormonal implantation was made with $M-PO^{TM}$ for bulls and with $F-TO^{TM}$ for heifers at 18, 20, 22 months of age in exp. 2. Animals were purchased (3-5 month old) from local cattle market and managed in two local farms and university research unit at three different years. Animals were slaughtered at 24 months for long-term trial and at 18 month for short term-trial. Loin and tender loin muscle was used for calpain activity and meat quality. Calpain proteolytic system was not changed by treatment. However, calpastatin activity was low in short-term trial. The calpain and calpastatin activity is reciprocal relationship, therefore, the high calpain activity may effect on quality grade. The shear force value was decreased as the processing of aging after postmortem. On the other hand, the cooking loss was significantly higher in short-term than in long-term trial, and then gradually decreased by the aging. Hormone implants to increase meat yield influenced to calpastatin activity more powerfully than calpain activity to meat tenderness. In meat color-a*, there was not significant difference in loin. Meat color-b* was decreased as postmortem aging time increased in tenderloin. Western blots were done to learn whether these proteins are degraded during postmortem storage and whether this degradation temporally parallels the decrease of shear force value. Vinculin was detected at 0 day and 1 day and degraded after 3 day. In conclusion, Calpain activity was affected slightly on meat tenderness. But meat tenderness was influenced by calpastatin, more effectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2015

This study was conducted to make certain that the intramuscular fat score at 13th rib could represent the fat content of whole loin from Hanwoo in Korea beef grading system. A total 42 loins from 23 carcasses of grade $1^{{+}{+}}$, 16 carcasses of grade $1^+$, and 3 carcasses of grade 1 of Hanwoo were used for this study. The crude fat content and intramuscular fat score at the $1^{st}$, $6^{th}$, and $13^{th}$ rib, and the last lumbar position of loin were measured. The crude fat content was the highest at the $6^{th}$ rib of loin from the carcasses of grade $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$ (p<0.05). There were no significant difference of the intramuscular fat scores measured by image analysis and beef marbling score (BMS) between the 6th and $13^{th}$ rib of loin from the carcasses of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$ and that were significantly higher than intramuscular fat scores at the $1^{st}$ rib and the last lumbar position of the loin. From the results, we conclude that the intramuscular fat score at the $13^{th}$ rib can represent the fat content of loin when meat graders decide the grade of Hanwoo carcass.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.224-236
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of quality grade (QG) on the physicochemical composition and eating quality attributes of pork belly and shoulder butt. Seventy-two growing-finishing crossbred pigs were slaughtered and their carcasses were graded according to the Korean pork carcass grading system. Based on the grading criteria, the carcasses were classified into: QG 1+ (n=23), QG 1 (n=23) and QG 2 (n=26) groups. At 24 h postmortem, belly and shoulder butt cuts were collected from the QG groups and used for analysis of meat quality, flavor compounds and eating quality attributes. Results showed that the variation in fat content among QG was approximately 2% in the both cut types. The QG showed no effects on all the quality traits: cooking loss, pH and color of the belly or shoulder butt (p>0.05). Thirty-five flavor compounds comprising mainly fatty acids oxidation/degradation-derived products (e.g., aldehydes) and only few Maillard reaction-derived products (e.g., sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds) were identified. However, the QG showed a minor effect on the flavor profiles in both the belly and shoulder butt. Regarding the sensory quality, no effects of the QG were found on all the eating quality attributes (color, flavor, juiciness, tenderness and acceptability) for both the belly and shoulder butt cuts (p>0.05). Thus, it may be concluded that the current pork carcass grading standards do not reflect the real quality and value of the belly and shoulder butt cuts.