• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.611-618
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• 2001

The flow characteristics of a turbulent buoyant jet were experimentally investigated using a single-frame PIV system. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle exit velocity and nozzle diameter was about Re=5$\times$10$^3$. The instantaneous velocity fields in the streamwise plane passing the jet axis were measured in the near field X/D <11 with and without the temperature gradient. By ensemble averaging the instantaneous velocity fields, the spatial distributions of mean velocity, vorticity, and higher-order statistics up to third order were obtained. The temperature difference of 10$\^{C}$ does not affect a significant influence to the flow structure in the near field, but the total entrainment rate is increased slightly. The entrainment rate shows a linear variation with the streamwise distance in the region after X/D=5.0.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2000

A method is presented which enables easily the computation of the suspended sediment discharge as the mean sediment concentration and mean flow velocity. This method has significant advantages over the traditional method, which principally depend on a set of measured concentration data. The method is based on both a new sediment concentration and mean sediment concentration equations which have been derived from the entropy concept used in statistical mechanics and information theory: (1) The sediment concentration distribution equations derived, are capable of describing the variation of the concentration in the vertical direction. (2) The mean concentration equation derived, is capable of calculating easily the mean concentration by using only one measured concentration in open channel. The present study mainly addresses the following two subjects : (1) new sediment concentration and mean sediment concentration equations are derived from the entropy concept : (2) An efficient and useful method of suspended sediment-discharge measurements is developed which can facilitate the estimation of suspended sediment-discharge in open channel. Flume and laboratory data are used to carry out the research task outlined above. An efficient method for determining the suspended sediment-discharge in the open channel has been developed. The method presented also is efficient and applicable in estimating the sediment transport in rivers and the sediment deposit in the reservoirs, and can drastically reduce the time and cost of sediment measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2009

Most vehicles have a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) device to control the thermal condition and to make comfortable environment in the passenger compartment. The improvement of ventilation flow inside the passenger compartment is crucial for providing comfortable environment. For this, better understanding on the variation of flow characteristics of ventilation air inside the passenger compartment with respect to various ventilation modes is strongly required. Most previous studies on the ventilation flow in a car cabin were carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis or scale-down water-model experiments. In this study, whole ventilation flow discharged from the air vent of a real passenger car was measured using a special PIV (particle image velocimetry) system for large-size FOV (field of view). Under real recirculation ventilation condition, the spatial distributions of stream-wise turbulence intensity and mean velocity were measured in the vortical panel-duct center plane under the panel ventilation mode. These experimental data would be useful for understanding the detailed flow structure of real ventilation flow and validating numerical predictions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.260-269
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• 2000

Oil-film flow visualizations and three-dimensional flow measurements have been conducted in the downstream region of a butterfly-type valve used in air-conditioning systems, with the variation of a disk open angle. The flow visualizations in the flow symmetry plane show that there are a pair of counter-rotating separation/recirculation zones as wall as two jet-like near-wall flows. These flow disturbances are strongly depends on the disk open angle. Based on the flow visualization, a qualitative flow model is suggested in the near-field and downstream region of the valve disk. For a small disk open angle, the mean velocities and turbulent intensities have relatively small values in the near-field of the valve disk, but they do not show uniform distributions even in some downstream region. With an increment of the disk open angle, mean velocity variations and turbulent intensities are greatly increased in the immediate downstream region, but uniform distributions are quickly resumed as departing from the valve disk. The mass flow rate remains nearly constant for the disk open angles less than 30 degrees, meanwhile it strongly depends on the disk open angles between 45 and 75 degrees. The pressure loss is found to be about zero for the disk open angles less than 45 degrees, but is substantially increased for those larger than 75 degrees.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.5 s.236
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• pp.577-589
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• 2005

The present study has numerically investigated two-dimensional laminar flow over a steadily rotating circular cylinder with a uniform planar shear, where the free-stream velocity varies linearly across the cylinder. It aims to find the combined effect of rotation and shear on the flow. Numerical simulations using the immersed boundary method are performed for the ranges of $-2.5{\le}\alpha{\le}2.5$ and $0{\le}K{\le}0.2$ at a fixed Reynolds number of Re=100, where a and K are respectively the dimensionless rotational speed and velocity gradient. Results show that the positive shear, with the upper side having the higher free-stream velocity than the lower one, favors the effect of the counter-clockwise rotation $(\alpha<0)$ but countervails that of the clockwise rotation $(\alpha>0)$. Accordingly, the absolute critical rotational speed, below which vortex shedding occurs, decreases with increasing K for $(\alpha>0)$, but increases for $\alpha>0$. The vortex shedding frequency increases with increasing \alpha (including the negative) and the variation becomes steeper with increasing K. The mean lift slightly decreases with increasing K regardless of the rotational direction. However, the mean drag and the amplitudes of the lift- and drag-fluctuations strongly depend on the direction. They all decrease with increasing K for $\alpha>0$, but increase for $\alpha<0$. Flow statistics as well as instantaneous flow folds are presented to identify the characteristics of the flow and then to understand the underlying mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.1667-1674
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• 2000

A new method is proposed to measure the flow rate in a pipe by multiple measurements of acoustic pressure using a microphone array. It is based on the realization that variation in flow velocity affects the change in wave number. The method minimizes measurement random errors and sensor mismatch errors thereby providing practically realizable flow rate measurement. One of the advantages of the method is that it does not obstruct the flow field and can provide the time-spatial mean flow rate. Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to verify the utility of this method.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.24-29
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• 1999

In the pressure swirl atomizer, the liquid is injected through tangential passages into a swirl chamber, from which it emerges with both tangential and axial velocity components to form a thin conical sheet at the nozzle exit. This sheet rapidly attenuates, finally disintegrating into ligaments and then drops. The purpose of this study is to measure the spray characteristics according to variation of viscosity of the spray produced by the pressure swirl atomizer. The nozzle tested here were especially designed for this investigation. The discharge coefficient is determined by measuring the volume flow rate with a flow meter and the cone angle of the liquid sheets issuing from the nozzle is obtained from series of photographs of the sheet for various liquid viscosity and injection pressure. And mean drop size is measured by image processing method. It is found that the geometrical characteristics of the nozzle and the variation of viscosity were the influential parameters to determine the spray characteristics such as the cone angle, discharge coefficients and SMD.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 1997

The performance of several turbulence models in computing an axisymmetric supersonic base flow is investigated. A compressible Navier-Stokes code, which incorporates k-ε, k-ω model and Reynolds stress closure with three kinds of pressure-strain correlation model, has been developed using implicit LU-SGS algorithm with second-order upwind TVD scheme. Numerical computations have been carried out for Herrin and Dutton's base flow. It is observed that the two-equation models give large backward axial velocity approaching to the base and somewhat larger variation of base pressure distribution than the Reynolds stress model. It is also found that the Reynolds stress model with third order pressure-strain model in the anisotropy tensor predicts most accurate mean flow field.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Purpose: The present study measured changes in arteriolar and venular capillary flow and structure in the gingival tissues during the development of plaque-induced gingival inflammation by combining dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser perfusion, and capillaroscopic video imaging. Methods: Gingival inflammation was induced in 21 healthy volunteers over a 3-week period. Gingival blood flow and capillary morphology were measured by dynamic OCT, laser perfusion imaging, and capillaroscopy, including a baseline assessment of capillary glycocalyx thickness. Venular capillary flow was estimated by analysis of the perfusion images and mean blood velocity/acceleration in the capillaroscopic images. Readings were recorded at baseline and weekly over the 3 weeks of plaque accumulation and 2 weeks after brushing was resumed. Results: Perfusion imaging demonstrated a significant reduction of gingival blood flow after 1 and 2 weeks of plaque accumulation (P<0.05), but by 3 weeks of plaque accumulation there was a more mixed picture, with reduced flow in some participants and increased flow in others. Participants with reduced flux at 3 weeks also demonstrated venular-type flow as determined by perfusion images and evidence of the development of venular capillaries as assessed by the velocity/acceleration ratio in capillaroscopic images. After brushing resumed, these venular capillaries were broken down and replaced by arteriolar capillaries. Conclusions: After 3 weeks of plaque accumulation, there was wide variation in microvascular reactions between the participants. Reduced capillary flow was associated with the development of venular capillaries in some individuals. This is noteworthy, as an early increase in venous capillaries is a key vascular feature of cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis-diseases with a significant association with the development of severe gingival inflammation, which leads to periodontitis. Future investigations of microvascular changes in gingival inflammation might benefit from accurate capillary flow velocity measurements to assess the development of venular capillaries.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 1983

This paper deals with the experimental study on the behavior of fuel (methanol) in intake manifold by using the basic apparatus which is manufactured the visible straight tube type model. In this study, the new device for liquid film thickness measurement and vaporization rate measurement are introduced to investigate the variation of liquid film thickness along the intake manifold and to observe the effect of vaporization of injected fuel. the results are summarized as follows: 1) The vaporization rate increases in proportion to decreasing of throttle valve angle and growing air fuel ratio. 2) The liquid film thickness along the intake manifold is mostly independent for the throttle valve angle in low air velocity and then affected in high air velocity, but the distribution of the liquid film thickness on circumferential position almost constant in the region of 300mm down stream from carburetor. 3) The mean liquid film thickness is 0.04 - 0.18mm in case of methanol in the region of air velocity Va = 12m/s - 55m/s and decreases with decreasing the throttle valve angle.