• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 1998

Background : In volume-controlled ventilation, the use of inspiratory pause increases the inspiratory time and thus increases mean airway pressure and improves ventilation. But under the same I : E ratio, the effects of inspiratory pause on mean airway pressure and gas exchange are not certain. Moreover, the effects may be different according to the resistance of respiratory system. So we studied the effects of inspiratory pause on airway pressure and gas exchange under the same I : E ratio in volume-controlled ventilation. Methods: Airway pressure and arterial blood gases were evaluated in 12 patients under volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with and without inspiratory pause time 5%. The I : E ratio of 1 : 3, $FiO_2$, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and PEEP were kept constant. Results: $PaCO_2$ with inspiratory pause was lower than without inspiratory pause ($38.6{\pm}7.4$ mmHg vs. $41.0{\pm}7.7$ mmHg. p<0.01). P(A-a)$O_2$ was not different between ventilation with and without inspiratory pause $185.3{\pm}86.5$ mmHg vs. $184.9{\pm}84.9$ mmHg, p=0.766). Mean airway pressure with inspiratory pause was higher than without inspiratory pause ($9.7{\pm}4.0\;cmH_2O$ vs. $8.8{\pm}4.0\;cmH_2O$, p<0.01). The resistance of respiratory system inversely correlated with the pressure difference between plateau pressure with pause and peak inspiratory pressure without pause (r=-0.777, p<0.l), but positively correlated with the pressure difference between peak inspiratory pressure with pause and peak inspiratory pressure without pause (r=0.811, p<0.01). Thus the amount of increase in mean airway pressure with pause positively correlated with the resistance of respiratory system (r=0.681, p<0.05). However, the change of mean airway pressure did not correlated with the change of $PaCO_2$. Conclusion: In volume-controlled ventilation under the same I : E ratio of 1 : 3, inspiratory pause time of 5% increases mean airway pressure and improves ventilation. Although the higher resistance of respiratory system, the more increased mean airway pressure, the increase in mean airway pressure did not correlated with the change in $PaCO_2$.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.199-217
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• 2000

This descriptive longitudinal study was done to identify the ethical value of nursing students and to compare the differences of results with one year interval. The data were collected twice in 1999 and in 2000, from the 82 first year and 64 second year nursing students who have been attending at C college in Chonnam province. The analysis of data was done by frequency, mean, paired t-test, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of data were summarized as follows: 1. The total ethical value score of the first year students was 3.48 (maximum : 5) and, one year later, the score was lowered to 3.26. Especially, the degree of their ethical value was significantly decreased in the sub-areas of human-life and nurse-nursing task. 2. The total ethical value score of the second year students was 3.24 and, one year later, the score was increased to 3.39. The degree of their ethical value was significantly increased in the subarea of nurse- client relationship. 3. In the subarea of human-life, the mean score of ethical value was 3.25 and, one year later, the score was 2.95. The degree of ethical value was significantly lowered among the first year students with an utilitarian position. 4. In the subarea of nurse-client relationship, the mean score of ethical value was 3.39 and, one year later, the score was 3.67. The degree of ethical value was significantly increased among the second year students with a deontological position. 5. In the subarea of nurse-nursing task relationship, the mean score of ethical value was 3.38 and, one year later, the mean score was 3.08. The degree of ethical value was significantly decreased among the first year students. 6. In the subarea of nurse-collaboration relationship, the mean score of ethical value was 3.96 and, one year later, the mean score was 4.08 in second year students. There was no statistically significant difference. 7. The ethical values of nursing students were significantly different depending on their religion, length of study, attitude toward nursing and the experience of dying during their clinical practice.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.1319-1324
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• 2013

The mean shift algorithm has achieved considerable success in object tracking due to its simplicity and robustness. It finds local minima of a similarity measure between the color histograms or kernel density estimates of the target and candidate image. However, it is sensitive to the noises due to objects or background having similar color distributions. In addition, occlusion by another object often causes a face region to change in size and position although a face region is a critical clue to perform face recognition or compute face orientation. We assume that depth and color are effective to separate a face from a background and a face from objects, respectively. From the assumption we devised a bilateral filter using color and depth and incorporate it into the mean-shift algorithm. We demonstrated the proposed method by some experiments.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.496-504
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• 2011

The region trunk line railroad route undergoes an influence on a large scale in train operation systematic reorganization. This keynote of the train operation not being to the consumer and not to be is because being to the supplier. The trunk line route user of region supply change of the supplier sensitively, accepts but, the demand unit will be able to change the supply massive demanders does not become and like that to accept this back is not the railroad the mean of transportation which grudge is different a mean of transportation mainly makes use. This hits to neither the gist of GLORY promotions of the railroad public corporation which pursues the railroad use which is ordinary even in the basis of governmental policy of stock of coal small green growth and not to be is arranged. For the railroad use activation of the region trunk line route consequently and to excavate the demand hindrance element and a demand lure element the inside and the outside defines and to observe the fluctuation of use importing in existing train operation systematic fluctuation, with the user tries analyzes the instance of the overseas railroad enterprise about the process which reflects the opinion of the area and improvement under preparing boil.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.266-274
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• 1995

We invesigated whether the circadian rhythms of plasma MHPG and HVA concentrations exist in 11 healthy young adults, and analyzed the patterns of their circadian rhythms. The results were as follows : 1) The change in the mean plasma MHPG concentrations analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA was not statistically significant. Five subjects showed significant circadian rhythms of plasma MHPG concentrations of each individual, and 4 of those had the acrophases between 17PM and 24PM. 2) The change in the mean plasma HVA concentrations analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA was not statistically significant. Six subjects showed significant circadian rhythms of plasma HVA concentrations of each individual, and 4 of those had the acrophases between 21PM and 6AM. In conclusion, the circadian rhythm pattern of plasma HVA concentrations in our result is consistent with the previous study. It was suggested that plasma MHPG and HVA concentrations should be measured more frequently, and the physical activities of subjects be controlled more strictly for the following study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2001

This study was conducted to analyzed the pattern of $CO_2$ concentration changes in various time scale within and across the Korean Peninsula. We compared that data sets obtained from Moo-Ahn(NAN) station in Korea with those determined from major background observatory stations around the world from the periods of Aug. 1995 to Dec. 1997. The mean $CO_2$concentrations of the MAN area, if computed using the total of 884 daily mean values, were computed to by 374.5$\pm$6.6 ppm. When the background data for MAN were compared with those of other background site, the concentration of MAN was systematically higher than any other comparable sites. Results of correlation analysis between MAN and other background sites generally showed up the existence of strong correlations, indicating that the relative effect of $CO_2$ concentration change can proceed similarly over the globe. However, notable differences in annual growth rate of $CO_2$ between MAN and all the comparative sites suggested that its concentration in th MAN area be regulated in more complicated manners than those in the other areas. It is thus suspected that the data collected form MAN area be not effective enough to represent areal distribution characteristics of $CO_2$in the Korean Peninsula.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2004

Long term observational analysis by climatologists has confirmedthat the global warming is no longer a topic of debate among scientists andpolicy makers. According to the report of IPCC-2001 (Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change), the global mean surface air temperature is increasinggradually. The reported increase of mean temperature is by 0.6 degree in the end of twentieth century. This could represent severe threat for propertylosses especially due to increase in the number of extreme weather arising out of global warming. period of model integration from 2001 to 2100 using output of ECHAM4/HOPE-G of Max Planet Institute of Meteorology (MPI) for IPCC SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios). The main results of this study indicate increase of surface air temperature by 6.20C and precipitation by 2.6% over Korea in the end of 21st century. Simulation results also show that there is increase in daily maximum and minimum temperatures while decrease in diurnal temperature range (DTR). DTR changes are diminished mainly due to relatively rapid increase of daily minimum temperature than that of daily maximumtemperature. It has been observed that increase in precipitation amount anddecrease in the number of rainy days lead to increase of pre precipitationintensity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2010

Temperature change has been shown to affect daily mortality even though different analytical methods produce different results. The effect of air pollution on the relationship between the temperature and the mortality is not large, although differences exist between temperature models. The aim of this study was to examine how the temperature change affected the daily mortality in Seoul by comparing the results from the temperature model using two study periods: one from 1994 to 2007 and the other from 1997 to 2007. Generally mean temperature, minimum temperature and Q10 temperature was derived as an optimal model, even though there are differences between age and cause of death. The analysis of threshold using total mortalities in all ages from 1994 to 2007 and from 1997 to 2007 showed that the number of the deaths increased 7.02% (95% CI: 6.06~7.98) and 2.51% (95% CI: 1.83~3.19), respectively as the mean temperature increased $1^{\circ}C$ from a threshold temperature of $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $25.7^{\circ}C$ respectively. These results indicated that the temperature has less effect on the number of death than does an extreme heat wave period.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2003

This study is the first part of the research to reveal the effects of somatotype characteristics on body temperature control reaction as well as thermal sensation. Nine healthy female collegians (classified into 3 body types of thin, normal, and obese according to Rohrer index) living in Busan were chosen as the subjects. The following are the results: Significant differences of skin temperature appeared in the parts of epigastrium (thin/normal>obese), anterior forearm (normal>thin/obese), and anterior leg (obese > thin/normal) as well as mean skin temperature. Mean skin temperature temporarily dropped owing to the exercise but tended to recover as time went by. Skin temperature of normal/thin shows higher than obese type. The change of skin temperature was noticed in the order of forehead > epigastrium > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (obese type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (normal type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (thin type, before and after exercise); epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (thin type, during exercise). Significant differences were shown in the temperature change inside clothes according to somatotypes. No significant differences were revealed in thermal sensation, moisture sensation, and comfortable sensation according to body types and time.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.251-264
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• 2003

Alcohol exposure during development leads to significant long-term neurobehavior dysfunction and central nervous system alteration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of enriched enviroment in developmental period through motor behavior test and expression of BDNF. Neonatal rat exposed to alcohol on postnatal days 4 through 10 were studied. Female Sprague-Dawley pups were assigned to two groups. Experimental group(EG) via 4.5 g kg-1day-1 of ethanol was housed in enriched enviornment for 9 weeks. The main result of this study were as follows: 1. There was significant difference in the mean of weight change between control and experimental group. 2. In motor behavior test, there was significant difference in the mean of weight change between control and experimental group. 3. Regarding the immunoreactivity of BDNF were higher appeared experimental group than control group. In conclusion, the present results reveals that enriched enviroment in developmental period is to be extremely useful in neuronal reprganization and motor behavior improvement after alcohol exposure.