• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on brain development and function in rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were provided diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks; 0 ppm (control), 50 ppm (low isoflavone intake; LI), 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). Learning ability was evaluated by a Y-shaped water maze and the activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain was assayed after decapitation. Food intake and body weights as well as weights of brain, liver, spleen, heart and kidney showed no significant difference among the four groups, which means 500 ppm of isoflavones is safe. In the water maze test, the frequency of error counted when rats entered one end of the alley without platform was significantly lower in the HI group than in the control group, and the escape latency as swim time taken to escape on the hidden platform was significantly shorter in the HI group than in the LI and control groups. The activity of acetylcholinesterase of the brain was significantly higher in the HI and MI groups than in the control group. Therefore, the results indicate that isoflavones may improve the cognitive function without adverse effects.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2008년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.507-512
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• 2008

본 연구는 경도인지장애(MCI)환자의 가상환경(VE)내 길찾기 학습능력을 측정하였으며, 전통 신경심리검사를 이용하여 길찾기 능력을 구성하는 인지기능에 대해 조사하였다. 피험자는 정상노인집단(N=27)과 MCI 환자집단(N=22)으로 구성되었다. 피험자는 간이정신집단검사, 시각 기억력을 측정하는 Rey Complex Figure Test(RCFT), 시각적 보존력을 측정하는 Benton Visual Retention(BVRT), 주의력을 측정하는 Trail-Making Test(TMT; A형과 B형), 성인용 웩슬러 지능검사의 하위검사인 숫자외우기(바로/거꾸로), 및 집행기능 및 기억력을 측정하는 2차원공간에서의 미로학습검사 Groton Maze Learning Test(GMLT)(12회기)를 마친 후, 가상현실(VE) 내 길찾기과제(6회기)를 수행하였다. 그 결과, VE 길찾기 과제에 대하여 유의미한 집단효과가 나타났다. 즉, MCI집단의 길찾기 수행이 정상노인집단의 길찾기 수행보다 떨어지는 결과가 발견되었다. 집단과 회기간 상호작용 및 유의미한 회기효과는 나타나지 않았다. GMLT에서는 유의미한 상호작용, 집단효과, 및 회기효과가 나타나지 않았다. 신경심리검사에서는 RCFT와 BVRT에서 유의미한 집단간 차이가 발견되었다. 또한, VE과제는 RCFT, BVRT, 그리고 GMLT와 상관이 있었으며, 이를 기반으로한 회기분석 실시 결과 RCFT와 BVRT는 가상환경 내 길찾기 행동에 대한 45%의 설명력을 지니고 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구결과는 MCI환자의 길찾기 능력이 정상인에 비하여 떨어지며, MCI환자의 시공간기억기능 결함으로 이와 같은 길찾기 능력저하를 설명할 수 있음을 함의한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.254-261
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• 2005

The effects on memory and learning ability of the Korean herbal medicine, Xingyo-tang(XGT, 神交湯), which consists of Ginseng Radix(人蔘) 4 g, Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬) 40 g, Morindae Officinalis Radix(巴戟天) 40 g, Biotae Semen(柏子仁) 20 g, Dioscoreae Rhizoma(山藥) 40 g, Euryales Semen(?實) 20 g, Scrophulariae Radix(玄蔘) 40 g, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹蔘) 12 g, Poria(茯神) 12 g, Cuscutae Semen(免絲子) 40 g, was investigated. The effects of XGT on learning and memory performance were examined in normal or memory impaired mice by using avoidance tests, Pentobarbital -induced sleep test, fear conditioning task, novel object recognition task, and water maze task. Hot water extract from XGT was used for the studies. Learning ability and memory are based on modifications of synaptic strength among neurons that are simultaneously active. Enhanced synaptic coincidence detection leads to better learning and memory. The XGT-treated (30 mg/100 g and 60 mg/100 g, p.o.) mice exhibit superior ability in learning and memorizing when performing various behavioral tasks. XGT did not affect the passive avoidance responses of normal mice in the step through and step down tests, the conditioned and unconditioned avoidance responses of normal mice in the shuttle box, lever press performance tests, and the ambulatory activity of normal mice in normal condition. In contrast, XGT produced ameliorating effects on the memory retrieval impairment induced by ethanol. XGT also improved the memory consolidation disability induced by electric convulsive shock (ECS). XGT extended the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital dose-dependently, suggesting its transquilizing or antianxiety action. These results suggest that XGT has an improving effect on the impaired learning through the effects on memory registration and retrieval.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.333-341
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• 1986

Several aspects including physical development, reflex acquistion, neuromotor development and learning behavior at Y water maze were compared at the progeny of rats fed low 91.2mg/kg diet) or adequate leves(22mg/kg diet 0 of pyridoxine during growth, gestation, lactation, and adult period. Physical development and development of reflexes (righting reflex, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis, palmar grasp, and startle reflex to sound) appeared different between control and deficient groups but not significantly. At the 2nd week, rats spent more time in supported standing during 6 minute period was longer in the control then the deficient groups. In the Y-water maze position reversal test, learning ability as judged by the number of errors was not different among three groups, but the rats in supplemented group(DC) reached the escape platform in significantly shorter time than the other two groups, which may suggest their emotional instability. In the visual discrimination test, the performance of rats from the supplemented group had the lower errors than the other groups on the early test days. but as the testing period progressed, the performance of rats in the supplemented group became inferior to those of the control and deficient groups. The performance of control group became superior to that of the deficient group.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study aimed to investigate that dieckol - isolated from Ecklonia cava - supplementation can improve cognitive ability in mice. Methods : 48-male mice(6 weeks old) were divided into four groups; High-Dieckol group(n=12), Low-Dieckol group(n=12), Placebo group(n=12), Control group(n=12) and they were administered orally 5 days per week for 4 weeks at the same time. We performed Morris water maze test, Passive avoidance test, Blood serotonin analysis. And there was examined on neurogenesis in dentate gyrus of hippocampus using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells. Results : The results are as follows; As a Morris water maze results, Trial duration was significantly decreased in high dieckol group comparing to placebo group and control group. Distance to target was significantly decreased in high dieckol group and low dieckol group comparing to placebo group and control group. Mean speed was significantly low in high dieckol group comparing to low dieckol group, placebo group and control group. As a Passive avoidance test results, latency time was significantly long in high dieckol group comparing to low dieckol group, placebo group and control group. BrdU cell count was significantly high in high dieckol group comparing to low dieckol group, placebo group and control group. Conclusions : As a conclusion, it is considered that dieckol supplementation might improve learning and cognitive ability.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Liriopis Tuber on the nervous protection. Methods : We measured the reaction behavior with EPM(Elevated Plus Maxe) and MWM(Morris Water Maze) after applying restraint stress to rats. Also, the degrees of AchE generation were measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of hippocampus, and the degree of TH generation in the regions of VTA and LC, respectively. Results : 1. As the results of measuring how long EPM which reflects anxiety reaction stayed in the open arm, there was the trend which can suppress anxiety reaction in the MMD+stress group(Liriopis Tuber+stress) but no statistical significance. The counting results how many EPM passed between opened and closed arm showed suppression trend against a physical activity in the saline+stress group but there was no statistical significance. 2. According to the result of MWM, the saline+stress group showed the learning retardation which means increased time arriving at goal compared to ti1e normal group at the second and third day of measurement. On the contrary, a learning retardation was significantly decreased in the MMD+stress group. Among the probe trial test a memory loss occurred in the saline+stress group, meanwhile memory ability was notably increased in the saline-stress group. 3. The degree of TH generation was investigated at the VTA and LC respectively after test animals treated with drug. In the saline+stress group, TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased, and these stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the saline+stress group at the VTA region. However, the saline+stress group did not show any significant difference. 4. the degree of AchE generation was investigated at the CA3 of hippocampus. The saline+stress group showed that AchE-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased. Those stress-induced reductions of AchE cells were meaningfully recovered in the saline+stress group. Although the cells showed recovery trend in the region of CA1 of hippocampus, statistical significance was not observed. Conclusion : The results of our study indicate that Liriopis Tuber can improve spatial memory ability of rats applied a restraint stress. This improvement of the spatial memory ability is considered to have an efficacy of nervous protection that Liriopis Tuber suppresses the generation of AchE in the hippocampus region and enhances the generation of TH in the VTA.

• 인지과학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.41-50
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• 1999

해마가 공간기억에서 중요한 기능을 담당하는 해부학적 구조임은 잘 알려져 있는 사실이다. 최근에는 두정엽 후위도 공간기억에서 중요한 역할을 할 것임을 시사하는 연구 결과가 보고되었다. 지금가지의 연구결과로는 두정엽 후위가 공간학습의 작업기억에 중요한지, 참조기억에 중요한지는 확실치 않다. 본 연구는 이들 두 뇌 구조물이 공간학습에서 작업기억과 참조기억의 습득에 공헌하는지를 알아보기 위하여 방사미로를 통한 쥐의 학습에 각 뇌 구조물의 손상이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 여덟 개의 방사형 미로를 이용한 쥐를 공간학습에서 작업기억과 참조기억은 각각 8개의 미로 모두에 물이 존재할 때와 4개의 미로에만 물이 존재할 때, 쥐가 물이 존재하는 미로의 위치를 기억하여 찾는 능력을 측정하였다. 기억의 습득에서 해마나 두정엽 후위의 관련여부를 알아보기 위해서 이들 부위의 손상이 방사미로 학습에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방사미로 학습에서 작업기억은 해마손상에 의하여 저하되었으며 두정엽 후위 손상에 의하여서는 영향을 받지 않았다. 한편 참조기억의 습득은 해마 손상뿐만 아니라 두정엽 후위 손상에 의해서도 저하되었다. 이상의 결과는 공간학습에서 작업기억에는 해마가, 참조기억의 습득과정에는 해마와 두정엽 후위가 모두 관여할 것임을 시사한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction. Perilla frutescens var. japonica extract (PFE) and its major compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We investigated whether administration of PFE and RA contributes to cognitive improvement in an $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice were intracerebroventricularly injected with aggregated $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ to induce AD. $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mice were fed PFE (50 mg/kg/day) or RA (0.25 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and examined for learning and memory ability through the T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze test. RESULTS: Our present study demonstrated that PFE and RA administration significantly enhanced cognition function and object discrimination, which were impaired by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, in the T-maze and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, oral administration of PFE and RA decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the number of crossings over the removed platform when compared with the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced control group in the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, PFE and RA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney, and liver. In particular, PFE markedly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting production of NO and MDA in the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PFE and its active compound RA have beneficial effects on cognitive improvement and may help prevent AD induced by $A{\beta}$.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.138-141
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• 2003

Recently reinforcement learning has attracted attention of many researchers because of its simple and flexible learning ability for any environments. And so far many reinforcement learning methods have been proposed such as Q-learning, actor-critic, stochastic gradient ascent method and so on. The reinforcement learning system is able to adapt to changes of the environment because of the mutual action with it. However when the environment changes periodically, it is not able to adapt to its change well. In this paper we propose the reinforcement learning system that is able to adapt to periodical changes of the environment by introducing the time-varying parameters to be adjusted. It is shown that the proposed method works well through the simulation study of the maze problem with aisle that opens and closes periodically, although the conventional method with constant parameters to be adjusted does not works well in such environment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.173-193
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most representative neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by the excessive production of amyloid beta (Aβ). Several studies on the antioxidant activity and protective effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT) against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage have been reported. Based on this background, the present study investigated the protective effects of PT against cognitive impairment in AD. MATERIALS/METHODS: We orally administered PT (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days in an Aβ_25-35-induced mouse model and conducted behavioral experiments to test cognitive ability. In addition, we evaluated the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and measured the production of lipid peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues. RESULTS: PT treatment improved the space perceptive ability in the T-maze test, object cognitive ability in the novel object recognition test, and spatial learning/long-term memory in the Morris water-maze test. Moreover, the levels of AST and ALT were not significantly different among the groups, indicating that PT did not show liver toxicity. Furthermore, administration of PT significantly inhibited the production of lipid peroxide, NO, and ROS in the brain, liver, and kidney, suggesting that PT protected against oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that administration of PT improved Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive impairment by regulating oxidative stress. Therefore, we propose that PT could be used as a natural agent for AD improvement.