• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.405-410
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• 2013

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) traditionally have been used as a tonic and to treat patients with lung abscesses. Recently, it was proposed that the extract and some compounds isolated from C. lanceolata reversed scopolamine-induced memory and learning deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of cognitive enhancing effect of C. lanceolata by steam and fermentation process in scopolamine-induced memory impairment mice models by passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. The extract of C. lanceolata or the extract of steamed and fermented C. lanceolata (SFCE) was orally administered to male mice at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. As a result, mice treated with steamed and fermented C. lanceolata extract (SFCE) (300 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) showed shorter escape latencies than those with C. lanceolata extract or the scopolamine-administered group in Morris water maze test. Also, it exerted longer step-through latency time than scopolamine treated group in passive avoidance test. Furthermore, neuroprotective effect of SFCE on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in HT22 cells. Only SFCE-treated cells showed significant protection at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Interestingly, steamed C. lanceolata with fermentation contained more phenolic acid including gallic acid and vanillic acid than original C. lanceolata. Collectively, these results suggest that steam and fermentation process of C. lanceolata increased cognitive enhancing activity related to the memory processes and neuroprotective effect than original C. lanceolata.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2009

Anxiety disorders are one of the serious problems which need proper therapy devoid of side effects of presently available medicines. The present study evaluates the anxiolytic and sedative activity of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn. in Swiss Albino mice. The pet. ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn were obtained by continuous soxhlet extraction. The prepared extracts were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of mice in the acute toxicity study. Each extract was assessed for anxiolytic activity in Swiss Albino mice by elevated plus Maze, open field test, rota rod test and phenobarbitone induced sleeping time test. In the Elevated Plus Maze test, the pet.ether extract and chloroform extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. orally, significantly (P < 0.01) increased the number of entries and time spent in open arm comparable with standard diazepam at the dose of 10 mg/kg. b.w. p.o. In the open field test, pet. ether extract (50 mg/kg b.w. p.o.) showed significant increase (P < 0.01) in ambulation and activity in the center. Chloroform extract (50 mg/kg b.w p.o.) was significant (P < 0.05) for both ambulation and center activity. Pet. ether extract (50 mg/kg b.w. p.o) also showed significant activity (P < 0.01) in rota rod test. All the results are comparable with standard diazepam at the dose of 1 mg /kg b.w, p.o. Moreover all the extracts showed significant (P < 0.01) increase in the phenobarbitone induced sleeping time among which pet.ether showed more prominent activity (36%) comparable with control. The results revealed that, the active pet.ether extract and chloroform extract of leaf galls of Piper nigrum Linn is worthwhile to develop the bioactive principle for anxiolytic activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on brain development and function in rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were provided diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks; 0 ppm (control), 50 ppm (low isoflavone intake; LI), 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). Learning ability was evaluated by a Y-shaped water maze and the activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain was assayed after decapitation. Food intake and body weights as well as weights of brain, liver, spleen, heart and kidney showed no significant difference among the four groups, which means 500 ppm of isoflavones is safe. In the water maze test, the frequency of error counted when rats entered one end of the alley without platform was significantly lower in the HI group than in the control group, and the escape latency as swim time taken to escape on the hidden platform was significantly shorter in the HI group than in the LI and control groups. The activity of acetylcholinesterase of the brain was significantly higher in the HI and MI groups than in the control group. Therefore, the results indicate that isoflavones may improve the cognitive function without adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.30A no.12
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• pp.135-146
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• 1993

A ner general multi-layer area router, called DINOSAUR, is presented in this paper. DINOSAUR can route various types of routing areas, such as L-shaped channel, switchbox with/without obstacles, and rectilinear area with/without internal modules/terminals. The DINOSAUR algorithm consists of three major stages: layerless maze routing, layering by coloring, and rip-up and reroute. In layerless maze roution stage, the route of each net is determined by modified maze algorithm without taking the conflicts(short. circuits) into account. In layering by coloring stage, the layer of each net is determinde by a heuristic coloring algorithm. When the conflicts are not removed, rip-up and reroute process is invoded. In rip-up and reroute stage, the conflicts are removed iteratively. Many test cases have been run, and on all the benchmark data known in the literature DINOSAUR has performed either better than or comparable to the other routers.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.50-58
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the task-oriented training according to the application time with the change of motor and cognition function. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (20 rats, $250{\pm}50$ g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Before MCAo induction, all rats were trained in treadmill training and Morris water maze training for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into groups: Group I : MCAo induction ($n_1$=5), Grop II: the application for simple treadmill task training after. MCAo induction ($n_2$=5). Group III: the application for Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction ($n_3$=5). Group IV: the application for progressive treadmill task training and Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction ($n_4$=5). Modified limb placing tests (MLPTs) and motor tests (MTs) were performed to test motor function and then Morris water maze acquisition test (MWMAT) and Morris water maze retention test (MWMRT) were performed to test cognitive function. For MTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group IV showed the steeper increasing pattern than those in other Groups on the 7th and 14th day. For MLPTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). The scores in Group III. IV had showed the more decreasing pattern than those in Group I, II since the 7th day and 14th day. For MWMAT, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group II found the Quadrant circular platform showed the steeper decreasing pattern than that in Group I on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th day. Group III. IV found the quadrant circular platform showed the slower decreasing pattern than that in Group I, II, For MWMRT, there were significant differences among the four groups (p<.001). The time to dwell on quadrant circular platform in Group IV on the 13th day was the longest compared with other groups. These results suggested that the combined task training was very effective to improve the motor and cognition function for the rats affected on their focal ischemic brain injury.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1983

This study was performed to investigate the influence of the amino acid composition of diet and environment on RNA, protein content in brain and learning ability in rats. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into six groups according to type of diet, casein, soybean meal, or corn gluten and rearing condition, isolated or enriched. They were fed foods ad libitum for 6 weeks. A water maze was used to test behavioral performance for 3 weeks from 4th week. The rats were sacrificed at 6th week and their whole brains were taken and frozen for assay of RNA and protein. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The body weight gain for the experimental periods of corn gluten group was significantly lower than the casein and the soybean meal group. 2) The brain weight of the corn gluten group was significantly lower than the casein and the soybean meal group and the environmental enrichment slightly increased it among rats fed the corn gluten diet. 3) The total RNA contents were the greatest in the environmentally enriched casein group. The brain protein contents of the isolated corngluten group was the smallest. However, the contents of the enriched corn gluten group were similar to those of the others. 4) In the water maze test, the isolated corngluten group spent significantly more time than the others. Environmental enrichment could decrease time to perform the task of the maze.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2016

Marine organisms are sources of many bioactive compounds, such as essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making them useful candidates for the production of safe bioactive substances. They also synthesize glutamic acid, which can be used to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), via fermentation with Lactobacillus brevis BJ-20. This study investigated the degree to which fermented sea tangle (FST) inhibits enzymes such as acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) and affects memory of normal mice using the T-maze test. FST inhibited more than 90% of AChE at 1 mg/mL and 50% of PEP at 8 mg/mL. Oral FST (100 mg/kg) significantly improved performance of normal mice on the T-maze. Therefore, sea tangle fermented with L. brevis BJ20 effectively contributes to memory improvement and might be a useful functional food ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.157-178
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to assess the protective effects of Chengwhabosimtang on the animal model of depression, chronic mild stress(CMS). Method : Male Sprague-Dawley rats Were used for this experiment. The subjects Were divided into 3 groups (1. CMS-drug: Chengwhabosimtang administered during CMS treatment, 2. CMS-vehicle: water administered, 3. normal ). After 4 weeks of CMS treatment they were executed Forced swimming test(FST) and Elevated plus maze. Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in ventral tegmental area(VTA) and c-Fos in paraventricular nucleus(PVN) were measured. Result : 1. In FST, CMS-drug group showed significantly decreased immobility behavior. 2. CMS-drug group showed no significantly lower TH level in VTA than CMS-vehicle group. 3. CMS-drug group showed significantly less c-Fos expressed cell bodies in PVN than CMS-vehicle group. 4. In Elevated plus maze, CMS-drug group showed no significantly anxiety. Conclusion : These results suggest that Chengwhabosimtang may have protective antidepressant effects in CMS model rats. And these effects could be explained by the elevated stress-copying behaviors which are related with PVN of hypothalamus and dopaminergic neurons in VTA.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.229-233
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• 2013

This study was aimed at investigating the possible effects of phytoceramide (Pcer) on learning and memory and their underlying mechanisms. Phytoceramide was orally administered to ICR mice for 7 days. Memory performances were assessed using the passive avoidance test and Y-maze task. The expressions of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured with immunoblot. The incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in hippocampal regions was investigated by using immunohistochemical methods. Treatment of Pcer enhanced cognitive performances in the passive avoidance test and Y-maze task. Immunoblotting studies revealed that the phosphorylated CREB and BDNF were significantly increased on hippocampus in the Pcer-treated mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of immunopositive cells to BrdU was significantly increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus regions after Pcer-treatment for 7 days. These results suggest that Pcer contribute to enhancing memory and BDNF expression and it could be secondary to the elevation of neurogenesis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

Objectives : Investigation of the memory and cognitive enhancing effect of HT008-1 in scopolamine induced amnesia mice. Methods : At 60 min before acquisition trials, HT008-1 (30, 100, 300 mg/kg p.o.) was administered, and 30 min later, mice were injected with scopolamin (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). In the passive avoidance test, acquisition trials were carried out 30 min after a single scopolamine treatment. Retention trials were carried out 24h after acquisition trials. Y-maze test was carried out 30 min after a single scopolamine treatment. Spontaneous alternation behavior during an 8-min session was recorded. Inhibitory effects of HT008-1 (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/ml) on AChE activity was measured. Result : HT008-1 ameliorated scopolamine-induced learning impairments and spatial cognitive function in passive avoidance and Y-maze test, respectively. Moreover HT008-1 showed a significant inhibitory effect on AChE activity. Discussion: This study presented that eMultiherb mixture HT008-1 enhanced learning memory and spatial cognitive function in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice. These results suggest that the effect of HT008-1 may be dependent on the inhibition of AChE activity.