• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the liquefaction behaviour and predict deviator stress with matric suction, of unsaturated silty sand. The unsaturated soil tests were conducted using a modified triaxial cell and specimens were prepared using the moisture tamping method. The axis translation technique was used to create the desired matric suctions in the specimen. Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out at matric suction of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 25 kPa. The specimens were sheared to axial strains of about 20% to obtain steady state conditions. The results showed that liquefaction of silty sand only occurs at matric suction of 0 kPa and 2 kPa. The results also show that at matric suctions of 5, 10 and 25 kPa, the resistance to liquefaction increases. As the suction increases, the undrained effective stress path approached the drained stress path. Also, the predicted and measured maximum deviator stress for unsaturated soils using the effective stress concept showed good agreement as matric suction increases. The deviator stress increase is nonlinear as matric suction increases.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.90-99
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• 1994

To investigate the undrained shear strength characteristics of marine soils with high water content, high compressibility and weak bearing capacity, a series of undrained triaxial tests with pore pressure measurements on undisturbed and disturbed Banwol marine clay in normally consolidated and overconsolidated states is carried out. The results and main conclusions of this study are summarized as follows : 1 . When the consolidation pressure is increased, the maximum deviator stress of disturbed and undistubed clay in normally consolidated state is increased. Pore pressure parameters and internal friction angle of undisturbed clay are greater than those of disturbed clay. 2. The relationship between pore pressure and axial strain of undisturbed clay in normally consolidated state can be expressed as a hyperbolic function like stress-strain relation proposed by Kondner. 3. In the pore pressure-axial strain relation of disturbed clay in normally consolidated state, failure ratio R'f is greatly deviated in the range of 0.7~0.9 proposed by Christian and Desai. 4. For overconsolided clay, when overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is increased, normalized maximum deviator stress is increased and maximum pore pressure is decreased gradually. 5. Cohesion of overconsolidated clay is greater than that of nomally consolidated clay and internal friction angle slightly is decreased. 6. Pore pressure parameter at failure (Af) of overconsolidated clay is varied with OCR, Af becomes negative values with increment in OCR

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권1C호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

작은 입자 사이에 고립된 상태로 존재하는 굵은 입자는 비록 소량일지라도 흙의 전단거동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이와같이 소량의 굵은 자갈이 포함된 지반의 전단특성을 평가할 경우, 실내시험에 사용되는 자갈의 크기와 공시체의 직경이 전단거동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 모래 입자 사이에 흩어져 있는 자갈의 크기와 공시체의 직경을 달리하면서 모래-자갈 혼합토의 전단특성을 연구하였다. 크기가 7, 12, 15, 18, 22mm인 다섯 종류의 자갈을 반복 사용하였으며, 각층 높이의 중간부분에 자갈을 넣고 다음 층을 쌓아 다지는 방식으로 조밀한 공시체를 완성하였다. 층당 들어가는 자갈의 크기에 따라 습윤모래를 5층 또는 10층으로 나누어 다져 직경 5cm(높이 10cm) 및 10cm(높이 20cm)인 공시체를 제작하였다. 자갈의 중량비는 3%로 동일하며 세 종류의 구속압으로 압밀시킨 다음, 비배수 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. 직경 10cm인 공시체에서 얻은 최대축차응력은 직경 5cm인 공시체의 최대축차응력보다 자갈이 없는 경우 평균 30% 정도 높았으며, 자갈이 포함된 경우 최대 90%까지 증가하였다. 7mm와 12mm 자갈이 들어간 경우, 직경이 10cm인 공시체는 자갈의 크기에 관계없이 모두 자갈이 없는 경우보다 최대축차응력이 증가하였으나, 직경이 5cm인 공시체는 자갈의 크기에 따라 최대축차응력이 자갈이 없는 경우보다 증가하거나(7mm 자갈이 들어간 공시체) 또는 감소하였다(12mm 자갈이 들어간 공시체). 공시체 직경과 자갈의 크기가 비배수 전단거동에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 자갈과 공시체 직경의 비 1/5을 기준으로 자갈이 포함된 공시체의 최대축차응력이 자갈이 없는 경우보다 증가 또는 감소하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.297-316
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• 2014

This paper presents a detailed study focused on investigating the effects of silt content on the static and dynamic properties of sand-silt mixtures. Specimens with a low-plastic silt content of 0, 15, 30 and 50% by weight were tested in static triaxial, cyclic triaxial, and resonant columns in addition to consolidation tests to determine such parameters as compression index, internal friction angle, cohesion, cyclic stress ratio, maximum shear modulus, normalized shear modulus and damping ratio. The test procedures were performed on specimens of three cases: constant void ratio index, e = 0.582; same peak deviator stress of 290 kPa; and constant relative density, $D_r$ = 30%. The test results obtained for both the constant-void-ratio-index and constant-relative-density specimens showed that as silt content increased, the internal friction angle, cyclic stress ratio and maximum shear modulus decreased, but cohesion increased. In testing of the same deviator stress specimens, both cohesion and internal friction angle were insignificantly altered with the increase in silt content. In addition, as silt content increased, the maximum shear modulus increased. The cyclic stress ratio first decreased as silt content increased to reach the threshold silt content and increased thereafter with further increases in silt content. Furthermore, the damping ratio was investigated based on different silt contents in three types of specimens.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1992

The shear strength of cohesionless Soils results from particle-to-particle friction and structural resistance by interlocking. And, the shear strength of soils is subjected to vary depending on the internal states and external condtions. If the volume change occurring in the soils and stress-strain relationships under the internal and external changes can accrurately he described, it is possible to predict the behaviors of soils. To accomplish these objectives a series of drained triaxial compression tests and isotropic compression test was performed on the Banwol sand at different relative densities ranging from 20% to 80% and different confining pressures ranging from 0.4kgf/cm$^2$ to l2kgf/cm$^2$. The results and main conclusions of the study are summarized as follows; 1.When the relative density or the confining pressure is increased, the maximum deviator stress is increased. The ratio of the maximum deviator stress and the confining pressure is linearly proportional to the relative density. 2.It is observed that the dilatancy depends not only upon its relative density but also the confining stress, and that the maximum deviator stress is obtained after the diatancy occurs. 3.The volume of sands undergoes initial contraction prior to the dilatancy occurred by strain softening. The dilatancy rate eventually approaches the critical state or a constant volume. 4.At lower strains, Poisson's ratio approaches a certain minimum value regadless of the state of materials. At larger strains, however, the ratio is increased as the relative density is increased. 5.It is observed that the modulus of elasticity is linearly proportional to the relative density and the pressure. 6.When the relative density is increased, the friction angle of sands is linearly increased. 7.When the relative density is increased, the expansion index and the compression index are linearly decreased, and the ratio of the two is about 1/3.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

Decomposed granite soils are in a wide range of conditions depending on the degrees of weathering. This paper is intended to examine laboratory tests such as consolidation tests and conventional triaxial compression tests conducted in order to find out the mechanical properties of Cheongju granite soil. Along with the foregoing, the results of basic physical tests conducted in order to grasp the physical properties of Cheongju granite soil were described and based on the results, methods to calculate the mechanical parameters of numerical approaches using Lade's double surface work-hardening constitutive model were examined. Finally, it is intended to explain the stress properties of Cheongju granite soil used as a geotechnical material based on its shear behavior and critical state concept using the results of isotropic consolidation tests and triaxial compression tests. As a conclusion, it can be seen that in the relationship between confining stress and maximum deviator stress, the slope is maintained at a constant value of 2.95. In the drained CTC test, maximum deviator stress generally existed in a range of axial strain of 6~8% and larger dilatancy phenomena appeared when confining stress was smaller. Finally, based on the results of the CTC tests on Cheongju granite soil, although axial strain, deviator stress and pore water pressure showed mechanical properties similar to those of overconsolidated soil, Cheongju granite soil showed behavior similar to that of normally consolidated soil in terms of volumetric strain.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2010

In the present study, the loading frequency dependencies of cyclic shear strength and elastic shear modulus of reconstituted clay were examined by performing undrained cyclic triaxial tests and undrained cyclic triaxial tests to determine deformation properties. The result of undrained cyclic triaxial test of reconstituted and saturated clay shows that a faster frequency leads to higher stress amplitude ratio, but when the frequency becomes fast up to a certain point, the stress amplitude ratio will reach its maximum limit and the frequency dependence becomes insignificant. And also, the result of undrained cyclic triaxial deformation test shows a fact that a faster loading frequency leads to higher equivalent shear modules and smaller hysteresis damping ratio, and confirms the frequency dependence of cohesive soil. Meanwhile, the result of the creep test shows that continuing creep is created in the undrained cyclic triaxial test with slow loading frequency rate, and since loading rate becomes slower at the vicinity of the maximum and the minimum deviator stress due to sine wave loading, the vicinity of the maximum and the minimum deviator stress shall be more influenced by creep.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표대회 논문집(III)
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• pp.662-667
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• 1998

Recently, the using PSC with external unbonded tendons is increased. However, the behavior of external unbonded tendons is different with that of bonded internal tendon at ultimate state by compatibility condition, the slip with friction at deviator and the change of tendon eccentricity e.t.c., So, the analytical research considered the effect of these inherent characters was performed and the tendency of external unbonded tendons was estimated by numerical examples. By the analytical results, load-deflection relationship and stress increment of external unbonded tendons were similar to those of internal bonded tendon at initial elastic behavior state. Those characters were, however, smaller than those character of internal bonded tendons. For external unbonded tendons, if the 1 deviator which is positioned at maximum moment point and more 2 deviators which are position between maximum moment point and support are existed, the flexural behavior is similar to internal bonded tendons.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제30권5C호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2010

풍화 잔류토, 토석류, 산사태, 또는 매립 지반에서 자갈과 같은 굵은 입자가 모래나 점토와 같은 작은 입자로 둘러 쌓여져 있는 경우가 있다. 작은 입자 사이에 굵은 입자가 고립된 상태로 존재하는 혼합토의 강도는 흙에서 대부분을 차지하는 작은 입자 즉 모래나 점토의 역학적 특성에 따라 좌우되지만 흩어져 있는 굵은 입자인 자갈의 크기, 모양, 함유량 등에 의해 영향을 받는 경우도 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같이 모래 지반 내에 흩어져 있는 소량의 자갈이 모래의 전단강도에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 습윤 상태의 낙동강모래를 이용하여 각층 높이의 중간부분에 굵은 자갈 또는 작은 자갈을 넣고 다음 층을 쌓아 다지는 방식으로 5층으로 된 조밀한 공시체를 제작하였다. 각층 높이의 중간부분에 들어간 굵은 자갈과 작은 자갈의 중량비를 0, 3, 9, 14%로 달리하면서 다양한 공시체를 제작하여 압밀시킨 다음 비배수 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. 혼합되는 굵은 자갈의 중량비(개수)가 증가할수록 자갈을 포함한 낙동강모래의 최대축차응력은 최대 38%까지 감소하였으며, 이와 같은 굵은 자갈로 인한 최대축차응력 감소는 구속압이 증가할수록 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 공시체 내에 포함된 작은 자갈의 중량비가 증가할수록 최대축차응력은 오히려 증가하였으며, 자갈의 중량비가 3, 9%로 작을 경우 최대축차응력의 증가는 미미하였으나 14%로 증가할 경우에는 최대축차응력이 최대 34%까지 증가하였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2011

지반공학에서 흙은 흙 입자에 의한 세립분 함유율($F_c$=50%)에 따라 모래와 점토로 분류되며, 그들의 역학적 거동에 의해 설계가 이루어진다. 그러나, 모래-점토 혼합토는 일반적으로 intermediate soils로 불리어, 모래나 점토로 쉽게 구분할 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 비율을 갖는 실리카모래 세립혼합토에 대하여 정적비배수 전단시험을 수행하였고, 미리 계산된 에너지의 다짐방법과 예압밀법을 이용하여 모래부터 점토에 이르는 폭넓은 범위의 흙 구조에 대해 공시체를 준비하였다. 한계 세립함유율 보다 작은 혼합토의 전단강도는 세립분이 증가할수록 증가하며 최대 축차응력비는 조밀한 시료에 대하여 감소하고 느슨한 시료에 대하여 증가한다. 그 후, 골격간극비의 개념을 이용하여 혼합토의 단조 전단강도를 평가하였으며. 이에, 혼합토의 전단강도는 모래입자가 이루는 골격구조에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알았다.