• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2012

This study examined the mediating effect of maternal abuse and neglect on the relationship between socioeconomic status and preschoolers' social behavior. A total of 702 mothers with 3-year-olds(353 boys and 349 girls) and the children's teachers, all of whom reside in Seoul, participated in the study. Socioeconomic status was measured by maternal educational level and monthly household income. Maternal abuse and neglect were assessed by asking mothers to complete the Parent-to-Child Version of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Both mothers and teachers completed the Preschool Social Behavior Scale in order to evaluate prosocial behavior and aggression. The results indicated that both socioeconomic status and maternal abuse and neglect were significantly associated with preschool children's prosocial behavior, and socioeconomic status was significantly and negatively related to aggression. Furthermore, a structural equation model confirmed the mediating effect of maternal abuse and neglect on the relationship between socioeconomic status and preschool children's prosocial behavior, suggesting the need for interventions focusing on improving positive parenting and decreasing negative parenting to promote prosocial behavior.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.444-450
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• 2011

Purpose: Mothers' postpartum depression is a worldwide health concern that produces compromising effects on their infants. This study was conducted to compare the infants' temperament and health problems according to the presence of maternal postpartum depression. Methods: Data were collected from May to October in 2009. The sample was 137 mothers at one month postpartum. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Results: At one month postpartum, 22.6% of mothers were classified as having postpartum depression. Infants of depressed mothers were more frequently classified as difficult temperament infants. They showed lower scores on the amenability, rhythmicity and persistency and higher scores on activity in temperament. Also, infants of depressed mothers reported more infant health problems at one months. Maternal depression showed significant negative correlations with family functioning, social support and marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Study findings show that postpartum maternal depression is associated with infants' temperament and health, and thus screening and early interventions for postpartum depression would promote the health of both the mother and infant.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate parenting attitudes and to identify factors influencing this parenting attitude in mothers of children with hemophilia. Method: The participants in this study were 119 mothers of children with hemophilia (under 18 years of age) who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation. Data were collected using the Mother-Infant Attachment Scale, Maternal Guilt Scale and Parenting Attitude Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS program. Results: The parenting attitude was 3.02 (total possible score=4). By subcategories, achievement attitude was the highest (3.45). Of the factors influencing parenting attitudes, mother-child attachment, maternal guilt and self-esteem account for 45.6% of the variance. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that attitudes of parents of children with hemophilia were positive. As mother-child attachment and maternal guilt were identified as major factors in predicting parenting attitudes, there is a need to consider interventions that will increase mother-child attachment and decrease maternal guilt.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing parenting stress in primiparas. Method: The participants in this study were 198 primiparas of infants aged 1-6 months who visited well baby clinics in 5 hospitals. The data were collected from April 15 to June 15, 2003. Results: The mean score for parenting stress was 2.4 of a possible 5 and thus considered average. The score for parenting stress was significantly correlated with the level of maternal perception of the infant and the level of social support. The score for parenting stress was significantly different according to the education level of the primiparas and prenatal management. For the primiparas, social support($20\%$) and maternal perception of the infant($9\%$) were significant predictors explaining parenting stress. Conclusions: Nursing interventions to improve maternal perception of the infant and increase social support should be provided for primiparas in order to reduce parenting stress.

• 아동학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.173-191
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• 1991

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between infants' crying associated with their temperament and mothers' subjective responses to their crying. The subjects were 212 mothers and their 4- to 8-month-old infants living in Seoul, Korea. RITQ and EASI were administered to mothers. Mothers' perceptions of tape recordings of infants' crying were recorded. The data were analyzed by t-test and ${\chi}^2$ test. The main results were that (1) infant's temperament could be divided into five groups: the easy, the intermediate-low, the intermediate-high, the difficult, and the slow-to-warm up infant groups. The more negatively emotional and impulsive the mother's temperament, the more difficult was the infant's temperament. (2)The crying of the difficult infants was perceived more as an indication of major physical discomfort than that of the easy infants. (3)Both mothers of difficult and mothers of easy infants displayed differences in maternal interventions by type of infant cries: cries of difficult infants elicited more maternal intervention of "soothing" or "picking up" than those of easy infants. On the other hand, cries of easy infants elicited more maternal intervention of "playing with toy" and "leaving him alone, if possible" than those of difficult infants.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to implement a child abuse prevention program and evaluate its effectiveness based on the Nursing Model of Resilience and Coping Skills Training Model for unmarried mothers during pregnancy and puerperium. Methods: This study had a prospective single-case, AB design with four repeated self-questionnaire measures and three observational measures. Seven unmarried mothers were provided with 10 sessions child abuse prevention program through individual visits from 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks after childbirth. The questionnaire was composed related to resilience, maternal stress, maternal attitude, parent-child interaction, child abuse potential. The observation was measured by video recording (total 16 times) the interaction of parent-child during feeding and analyzing it by three experts. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman's test. Results: Maternal attitude and parent-child interaction were statistically significantly improved after intervention compared to before intervention. However, maternal stress decreased after intervention compared to before intervention, but it was not statistically significant. Additionally, resilience and child abuse potential were not statistically significant. This program is partially effective in preventing child abuse by promoting parenting attitudes and parent-child interactions. Conclusion: This study focused on individual resilience and applied systematic intervention as coping skills training to prevent child abuse. This study is meaningful in that interventions were conducted through individual visits to unmarried mothers at high risk of child abuse, and the program was applied, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to prevent child abuse early.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2000

Pregnancy is a task of creation in which a women mobilizes her self and the resources available to her in the generation of a new person. Through the pregnancy, a mother has formed the new human relationship with a fetus. Maternal-fetal relationship is considered one of mechanism making the relationship of mother and child. It is important to well-being of mother and fetus, too. The earliest interaction between a mother and her child is during prenatal period. Maternal-fetal dyad is unique and perceived interactions with the fetus make the pregnancy real for the mother. Maternal behavior is "instinctive" and is formed in early childhood by copy of the mother. But, Rubin argues that this behavior is an open intellectual system rather than a prepackaged bundle of traits. There is openness to new learning and a high value placed on knowing which occurs with silent organization in thought. Thus, nurses and other health professionals provide prenatal care that optimally is part of the environment in which the maternal-fetal dyad develops. Thus it is appropriate for nurses to increases their understanding of the dyad and to explore ways to enhance its development. This study focusses on the interaction ability and response of fetus, and the maternal-fetal interaction. The research of fetal responses that involve physiological changes and motor movement have been shown to coccur to both external sensory stimuli and to maternal emotional states. The fetus does also have sensory capacity to be aware of some maternal behaviors, and the motor ability to respond in a way the mother can notice. Thus, very rudimentary interactions appear to be possible. Maternal awareness of fetal activity was supported by several studies. More interesting to the present study are description of maternal-fetal interaction and the finding that there appear to be levels of sensitivity to the fetus involved in maternal-fetal interactions. First, recognition comes that the fetus is separate from the maternal self. Next, the fetus engages in. Lastly, the parent may describe active interaction with the fetus, believing that mother and fetus are communicating on a meaningful level. Several interventions, developed to promote more active interaction between mother and fetus, have been reviewed. In general, the parents were taught to stimulate the fetus and to notice the fetus' responses. This type of intervention might increase the mother's sensitivity to her unborn baby, and she may have a head start toward learning how to res pond sensitivity to the newborn infant. Research In the area of maternal-fetal interaction is scarce. Sensitive behavior is construed as an appropriate and timely response to a signal of need from another person, but no such signal of need can be claimed regarding the fetus. The highest level of maternal-fetal interaction, therefore, might be based more on maternal representations of the imagined fetus than on factual evidence of fetal participation.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.28-39
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• 2020

Purpose: To understand the core elements and the effects of interventions on the improvement of parenting capabilities of unmarried mothers living in residential facilities, this study reviewed the literatures related to this concept. Methods: Five electronic databases (KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS) were searched, and eight studies were ultimately selected for the integrative review. Results: The interventions were categorized into two types: psychological intervention and sociocultural intervention. The core elements of the psychological interventions included cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and relational contents. Sociocultural aspects included raising personal skills for finding social support resources. Various studies showed the effects of intervention on efficacy, attachment, or parenting behavior. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, health promotion programs to improve maternal parenting competency for unmarried mothers living in residential facilities need to be developed and applied.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1213-1227
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• 2023

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a prevalent obstetric condition. This study aimed to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in regulating the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR. An FGR animal model was established in rats, and ODN1668 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were administered. Changes in gut microbiota structure were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted. HTR-8/Svneo cells were treated with ODN1668 and HCQ to evaluate cell growth. Histopathological analysis was performed, and relative factor levels were measured. The results showed that FGR rats exhibited elevated levels of TLR9 and myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MyD88). In vitro experiments demonstrated that TLR9 inhibited trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion. TLR9 upregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while downregulating IL-10. TLR9 activated the TARF3-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed HCQ reduced inflammation in FGR rats, and the relative cytokine expression followed a similar trend to that observed in vitro. TLR9 stimulated neutrophil activation. HCQ in FGR rats resulted in changes in the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group at the family level and the abundance of Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Bacteroides at the genus level. TLR9 and associated inflammatory factors were correlated with Bacteroides, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group. FMT from FGR rats interfered with the therapeutic effects of HCQ. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TLR9 regulates the inflammatory response and gut microbiota structure in FGR, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of FGR and suggesting potential therapeutic interventions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.636-643
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• 1995

This study was conducted to find some differences in infant feeding pattems between well educated Koreans and local populations living in Texas, USA. Initiation rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital was 35.9% in Koreans and 60.4% in Americans. At 2, 4 and 6 months, exclusive breastfeeding rates were 34.0%, 20.8% and 13.2% for Koreans and 47.2%, 34.0% and 27.2% for Americans respectively. There was a significant difference in age of weaning from breast between these two groups(p<0.01). In Koreans the most common reason for the early termination before 4 months was maternal report of milk insufficiency. 55.6% of Koreans and 42.3% of Americans fed infants on scheduled rather on demand feeding. Primary sources of advice about feeding were medical professionals in Americans while baby's grandmother was the main source in Koreans. In Americans, choice of breastfeeding was not associated with ethnicity, maternal education, and family income in the study. Interventions to promote and support participants of Women Infants and Children(WIC) may play a role in Americans. It might be suggested that effective nutrition education programs targeting for Korean mothers to promote breastfeeding should be needed urgently and systematically.