• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.111-118
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• 2010

This study investigated working mothers' attitudes toward maternal employment and beliefs regarding childcare quality according to the childcare centers' operating modalities and hours. Participants were 261 mothers sending their children to full day, nighttime, or 24-hour childcare centers. We conducted the data analysis two-way ANOVA using SPSS. The results revealed significant differences among the groups in these working mothers' attitudes toward maternal employment and their beliefs regarding childcare quality and childcare centers' operating modalities and hours.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.89-101
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide better understanding of longitudinal effects of early maternal employment on mother-child relationship using 1364 families participating the NICHD Study of Early Child Care in the U.S. Based on the information on maternal employment from 6 months after the child's birth, three employment groups were created: mothers who had always worked more than 30 hours per week, mother who had worked part-time or had been inconsistently employed, and mothers who had never worked. At 36 months, mothers who had extensively employed for the first 36 months showed significantly lower level of supportive presence compared to mothers who had never worked. Mothers who had partly employed for the first year of child's life displayed higher level of supportive presence at 36 months compared to mothers in the other two 12 month employment groups. No other significant employment group differences were found in the mothers' respect for child's autonomy and hostility at 36 months. At first grade, mothers in three employment groups were not different in their relationship with their child. The findings suggested that maternal employment, specifically early extensive maternal employment, does not consistently predict lower quality of mother-child interaction in two or three years later.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

This study examined the parenting beliefs and the achievement pressure of Korean mothers with five to seven year old children. The maternal parenting beliefs criterion (Ahn, 2001) and achievement pressure criterion (Hong, 2001) have been applied to 212 mothers living in Seoul or Kyonggi-Do area and analyzed. The results showed that the maternal parenting beliefs were influenced by the child's gender, while the maternal achievement pressure was not. And significant difference was seen only in between the educational background and the maternal parenting beliefs, and the employment status and interaction effects were not shown.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.101-113
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• 2010

This study examined the relationship between maternal employment, maternal job characteristics, spousal support and parenting stress, using a sample of 502 mothers (207 employed and 295 nonemployed mothers) who had 1st and 2nd grade children. The participants completed a set of questionnaires. Data were analyzed by means of Pearson's correlation, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Our results indicated that maternal employment was not significantly related to parenting stress. It was also found that employed mothers experienced less parenting stress when they perceived greater job satisfaction and higher spousal support. Lastly, spousal support moderated the impact of job satisfaction on employed mothers' parenting stress, indicating that the relationship between job satisfaction and parenting stress was stronger for the high spousal support group than for the low spousal support group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maternal sociodemographic characteristics, especially education and employment, and parenting stress on the child's self-concept. Attention was also paid to the mediating impact of parenting style on the relationship between the maternal variables and a child's self-concept. Methods : A questionnaire and three scales were completed by fifth graders and their mothers, and 270 sets of paired data were analyzed. Results : The results showed that mothers with higher education experienced less child-related parenting stress, were perceived to be more achievement-oriented and rational by their children, and also had children with more positive self-concept. The relationship between maternal education and child's self-concept was mediated by the rationality dimension of parenting style. Maternal employment was not related to parenting stress, parenting style and most aspects of the child's self-concept. Lastly, child-related parenting stress had a negative effect on the child's self-concept, and this effect was mediated by the warmth and rationality dimensions of parenting style. Conclusion : Parenting style had a mediating effect on the relationships between the child's self-concept and maternal education and child-related parenting stress.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-35
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• 1998

This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.127-136
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• 2005

This study had a three fold-research purpose. The first research purpose was to understand parenting issues the families with one child are facing. The second purpose was to examine any differences in variables of interest in this study between the two subgroups of this study sorted by maternal employment status. Finally, this study examined which variables of interest in this study predict maternal self-efficacy. The variables of interest in this study included: 1) family demographic variables, 2) maternal self-efficacy, 3) parenting stress, 4) maternal satisfactions with contextual factors, and 5) maternal perceptions of effectiveness of birth-rate promotion policies. The sample consisted of 276 mothers selected from the one child families and the mothers sampled were asked to fill out the self-administered surveys which had been developed for the purpose of this study. The main results of this study were as follows. Overall, the mothers of this study did not have high levels of maternal self-efficacy, when SES of this sample was taken into consideration. Non-working mothers had higher levels of maternal self-efficacy than working mothers. No significant differences were found in parenting stress levels between the two subgroups. There were significant group differences in maternal perceptions of the effectiveness of birth- rate promotion policies. Furthermore, a wide range of variables was found to be a significant predictor of maternal self-efficacy. Implications were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.559-569
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• 2013

This study examined the effect of maternal employment, child's internet immersion, resilience and parent-child relationships on their school life adjustment. The participants in this study consisted of 306 5th and 6th grad students from two elementary schools located in Seoul and Gyeong-gi. Data analysis was conducted by t-tests, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, school life adjustment was higher in non-employed mother than amongst employed mother. Second, the relationship between the factors showed that a lower internet immersion, the higher resilience, the parent-child's intimacy-support and allowance-provision was associated with a higher a school life adjustment. Third, the strongest predictors of child's school life adjustment were the intimacy-support of parent-child relationships and spontaneity of resilience.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.43-56
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• 2010

This study explored time-use patterns of young children and compared the patterns according to mother's employment status. Using 6718 time diaries of 3359 children under age 5, as reported by their mothers, this study examined (1) the proportion of children who spent time on certain activities and the amount of time they spent on each activity for a weekday and a weekend day and (2) the proportion and the amount of time that children spent with certain adults. Compared to children with unemployed mothers, children with employed mothers spent more time during weekdays in child care centers and less time sleeping. These children also spent more time on education during weekends. The proportionate and actual times children spent with various adults also differed by the mother's employment status. Those with employed mothers spent less time with their mothers and more time with other relatives or teachers on weekdays. These results indicate that maternal employment corresponds with differing timeuse patterns from children's early life stages.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.135-162
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• 2008

This paper analyzes the impact of the mother's employment on her time investment in children's career decisions. Parental conversations with high school children and the parents' effects on children's career decisions are used as the proxies for the quantity and quality of time investment, respectively. For the empirical analysis, IV ordered-probit regressions are fitted to the KLIPS data. Other things being equal, the mother's employment does not cast any statistically significant impact on the quantity and quality of time input for children in high school. The effect of mother's employment on her time investment in children is positive for professional jobs while negative for nonprofessional jobs, but both lack the weight of statistical significance.