• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.231-247
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• 1992

A Study on Maternal Verbal Control Patterns and Children's Recognition against those. The primary objective of the material presented in this dissertation is the analysis of the maternal verbal control patterns. The major focus is given to the differences between maternal verbal control patterns and children's recognition against those. The purspoe of this study were; 1) to investigate the maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children according to their family and personal surroundings; 2) to investigate the verbal control patterns in mother's response according to the differences of family and personal surroundings; 3) to find the differences between children's recognition and maternal verbal control patterns; 4) How the maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children are? The materials of this study were 81(37; boys, 44; girl)) from kindergarten in Seou. The sample of age used in this study was 5 to 7 years old. The test about maternal verbal environment used the question sheet for reaction between mother and children by Gumperz. The kids got interviews with same questions as mothers with question sheet. The statistical tools used is the analysis of the data were frequency, crosstab, and t-test. The result of the study were summarized as follows; 1) The maternal verbal control patterns recognized by children had differences according to whether living with grand-parent or not. Living with grand-parent are more person-oriented than without grand-parent group. 2) The maternal verbal control patterns of mother response show the differences within mother's academic background, present situation of child, and parent's expection to child. The imperative verbal control pattern was more frequently used of low academic background who just fraduate the middle or high school. The personal verbal control pattern was more frequently used of high educational background's like university graduate or more educated group. 3) The differences between maternal verbal control patterns with children's recognition and with mother response is that mother responseis more person-oriented than children's. 4) The imperative verbal control pattern used command, verbal purnishment, and physical purnishment. the status-oriented verbal control pattern used univesal positional appeals and limited positional appeals. The person-oriented verbal control pattern used child-oriented cognitive affective appeals.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

This study examined the role of maternal attribution in parenting behaviors of mothers who have a child with developmental disabilities. Using an attributional model, it assessed whether maternal attributions about the child's knowledge, capacity, expectation, and responsibility for behavior problems have effects on maternal behaviors of affect, authoritarian control, and overprotect. The sample consisted of 161 mothers of elementary children with developmental disabilities. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that maternal attribution about the child's capacity for misbehavior had positive influence on maternal affect and negative influence on authoritarian control behaviors, and that maternal attribution of responsibility for misbehavior positively influenced maternal authoritarian control and overprotect behaviors. Also, maternal attribution about the child's knowledge for misbehavior had negative influence on maternal overprotect behaviors. In addition, such background factors as number of disability, maternal education, and job of mother were significant predictors for maternal attribution, while maternal self-esteem was a strong significant predictor for mothering behaviors. The findings suggest the importance of maternal attributions in parenting.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 1999

This study examined the role of maternal attribution in Parenting behaviors. Using an attributional model, it assessed whether maternal attributions about children's knowledge, capacity, expectation, and responsibility for behavior problems have effects on maternal behaviors of affect and authoritarian control. The sample consisted of 297 mothers who have first-and forth-grade children. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that matemal attribution about children’s knowledge for misconduct had positive influence on maternal affect and negative influence on authoritarian control behaviors, and that maternal attribution of expectation negatively influenced the behaviors of authoritarian control. In addition, such background factors as child age, gender, family income, family type, maternal education, and self-esteem were significant predictors for maternal attributions. In regard of mothering behaviors, child age, maternal age, and self-esteem were related to maternal affect, while family type and maternal self-esteem were related to authoritarian control. The findings suggest the importance of matemal attributions in parenting for better child development.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.58-71
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• 1990

The purpose of the study was to investigate the mother-child interactions in terms of maternal child- rearing behavior, maternal self-esteem, and their school-age children's self-esteem. The subjects were, all living in the Seoul area. A pre-test was conducted twice on 98 subjects. Each time the values of Chronbach's ${\alpha}$ were obtained on maternal behavior, maternal self-esteem and children's self-esteem. Data analysis was by ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlation. multiple regression analysis. Chronbach's ${\alpha}$, and factor analysis. Children's self-esteem was positively related (1) to family background factors:educational level, employment status of mothers, social economic status, and number of siblings (2) to maternal self-esteem and (3) to maternal child-rearing behavior in the dimensions of affection, acceptance, and encouragement of independency. Children's self-esteem was negatively related to maternal child-rearing behavior in the dimensions of hostility, rejection and encouragement of dependency. The relative importance of independent variables on children's self-esteem was found to be in the following order:mother's educational level. social economic status, and number of siblings (${\beta}=0.5935$, p< .001), maternal child-rearing behavior in the affection-hostility dimension (${\beta}=0.0849$, p< .001), and in the acceptance-rejection dimension(${\beta}=0.0365$, p< .05). The regression model showed that 25 percent of the children's self-esteem could be accounted for by family background factors. and maternal child-rearing behavior in the affection-hostility dimension and the acceptance-rejection dimension ($R^2=0.25$).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2022

Background: Stunting is affected by various factors from mother and child. Previous studies assessed only one or more influencing variables. Unfortunately, nor the significant influence of maternal and child factors nor the indicators contributing to maternal and child factors that affect the stunting incidence have ever been analyzed. Purpose: This study analyzed the effect of maternal and child factors on stunting and the significant indicators that shape the maternal and child factors that impact stunting. Methods: This was a case-control study. Overall, 132 stunted children and 132 nonstunted children in Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province, participated in the research. Direct interviews and medical record reviews were conducted to assess the studied variables. The research data were tested using the partial least squares structural equation with a formative model. Results: Maternal factors directly affected the occurrence of stunting (t=3.527, P<0.001) with an effect of 30.3%. Maternal factors also contributed a significant indirect effect on stunting through child factors (t=4.762, P<0.001) with an effect of 28.2%. Child factors affected the occurrence of stunting (t=5.749, P<0.001) with an effect of 49.8%. The child factor was influenced by maternal factor with an effect of 56.7% (t=10.014, P<0.001). The moderation analysis results demonstrated that maternal and child factors were moderate predictive variables of stunting occurrence. Conclusion: Child factors have more significant and direct effects on stunting than maternal factors but are greatly affected by them.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.165-181
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• 2014

This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal attachment, parenting efficacy, and financial background on the infant and child's attachment. The data were collected from 60 infants(12 to 36 months) and children(48 to 60 months) in 8 educational institutions located in 5 Daejeon districts. Infant Q-set test and Slough and Greenberg's Child SAT interview were conducted for assessing infant's and child's attachment For maternal attachment, AAS(Adult Attachment Scale) by Jung Hae-Seung was used and for parenting efficacy, the instrument designed by Yoon-Jin Lee was used. Mean and standard deviation were calculated and regression analysis was done. The results showed that maternal attachement had an impact on infant' and child's attachment and there was a relationship between financial background and infant's and child's attachment.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2001

The background control data were compiled from rat developmental toxicity studies con-ducted at Toxicology Research Center, KRICT during the 1993-1999 period. These data were assembled in order to provide background in formation for the maternal and fetal data collected in 13 developmental toxicity studies using Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 325 mated females were used in these studies during the seven-year period and overall pregnancy rate of these females was 93.8%. The present background control data included body weights, food consumption, hematological values, and organ weights of pregnant females, caesarean section data, and fetal examination data. These data can be used not only as a historical database for the meaningful interpretation of data from reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, but also as a contribution to biological characterization oj Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.43-54
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• 2010

This study examines the factors related to university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. A total of 338 university students in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Kyungnam area provided information about their socio-economic background, parents' employment history, achievement motivation, and gender egalitarian attitude. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant interaction effects of gender and grade on positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. Multiple regression analyses by gender indicated that factors related with university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment may differ by gender. For male students, grade, and socio-cultural gender egalitarian attitude were significantly related to positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. For female students, grade, family monthly income, mother's employment during elementary school, and achievement motivation were related with positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

This study examined the parenting beliefs and the achievement pressure of Korean mothers with five to seven year old children. The maternal parenting beliefs criterion (Ahn, 2001) and achievement pressure criterion (Hong, 2001) have been applied to 212 mothers living in Seoul or Kyonggi-Do area and analyzed. The results showed that the maternal parenting beliefs were influenced by the child's gender, while the maternal achievement pressure was not. And significant difference was seen only in between the educational background and the maternal parenting beliefs, and the employment status and interaction effects were not shown.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.781-784
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• 2014

Background: Although the cause in most cases of childhood leukemia is not known, the contribution of environmental risk factors in the context of genetic predisposition has been reported with inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to examine association of childhood leukemia with maternal factors especially during pregnancy, to help in avoiding risk factors. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included children younger than 18 years diagnosed with leukemia from 2008 to 2012. Controls were randomly selected and individually matched to cases with respect to age, sex, and residency. All variables were compared between cases and control to determine any significant association with leukemia. Results: Statistically significant associations between risk of childhood leukemia with mother's education (p=0.001), occupation (p=0.0005) and pesticides exposure (p=0.005) during pregnancy were found. However, there were no significant links with maternal age (p=0.090), history of fetal loss (0.85), history of radiography during pregnancy (p=0.400), history of drug intake (p=0.689) and infection (p=0.696) during pregnancy. Conclusions: The results showed increased risk of leukemia in children whose mothers were working in agriculture and were exposed to pesticides during pregnancy. The further study needs to be investigated to know association of various maternal risk factors with leukemia which remained unknown in this study.