• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.23
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• pp.155-219
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• 2004

This paper focuses on two recent legislative developments in electronic commerce: the "Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act" ("UCITA") of USA and the "preliminary draft convention on the use of data message in [international trade] [the context of international contracts]" ("preliminary draft Convention") of UNCITRAL. UCITA provides rules contracts for computer information transactions. UCITA supplies modified contract formation rules adapted to permit and to facilitate electronic contracting. UCITA also adjusts commonly recognized warranties as appropriate for computer information transactions; for example, to recognize the international context in connection with protection against infringement and misappropriation, and First Amendment considerations involved with informational content. Furthermore, UCITA adapts traditional rules as to what is acceptable performance to the context of computer information transactions, including providing rules for the protection of the parties concerning the electronic regulation of performance to clarify that the appropriate general rule is one of material breach with respect to cancellation (rather than so-called perfect tender). UCITA also supplies guidance in the case of certain specialized types of contracts, e.g., access contracts and for termination of contracts. While for the most part carrying over the familiar rules of Article 2 concerning breach when appropriate in the context of the tangible medium on which the information is fixed, but also adapting common law rules and rules from Article 2 on waiver, cure, assurance and anticipatory breach to the context of computer information transactions, UCITA provides a remedy structure somewhat modeled on that of Article 2 but adapted in significant respects to the different context of a computer information transaction. For example, UCITA contains very important limitations on the generally recognized common law right of self-help as applicable in the electronic context. The UNCITRAL's preliminary draft Convention applies to the use of data messages in connection with an existing or contemplated contract between parties whose places of business are in different States. Nothing in the Convention affects the application of any rule of law that may require the parties to disclose their identities, places of business or other information, or relieves a party from the legal consequences of making inaccurate or false statements in that regard. Likewise, nothing in the Convention requires a contract or any other communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract to be made or evidenced in any particular form. Under the Convention, a communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract, including an offer and the acceptance of an offer, is conveyed by means of data messages. Also, the Convention provides for use of automated information systems for contract formation: a contract formed by the interaction of an automated information system and a person, or by the interaction of automated information systems, shall not be denied on the sole ground that no person reviewed each of the individual actions carried out by such systems or the resulting agreement. Further, the Convention provides that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract concluded by a person that accesses an automated information system of another party has no legal effect and is not enforceable if the person made an error in a data message and (a) the automated information system did not provide the person with an opportunity to prevent or correct the error; (b) the person notifies the other party of the error as soon as practicable when the person making the error learns of it and indicates that he or she made an error in the data message; (c) The person takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other party's instructions, to return the goods or services received, if any, as a result of the error or, if instructed to do so, to destroy such goods or services.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2002

Background: Blood-foreign interaction cause activation of coagulation and inflammatory process that may lead to multiorgan dysfunction and determine the surgical outcomes. Of the methods for assessing the biocompatibility, the platelet adhesion study is considered as the most valuable evaluation step in blood-foreign interaction. As the most studies have used in-vitro or ex-vivo conditions, we have developed a technique of quantification for platelet adhesion on the blood contact surface by using in-vivo injection of radioactive platelets. Material and Method: A coupled bypass circuit was designed to connect the proximal and descending thoracic aorta in 6 piglets(20∼25 Kg). One side of the circuit tube was consisted of a heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Experimental group), and the other, a non-heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Control group). After cannulation, the blood was circulated through the circuit for 2 hours. Platelet concentrate was prepared from homologous pig blood 24 hours before the experiment. The platelet concentrate was incubated with Tc-99m-HMPAO for 30 min and then centrifuged for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the radio-labeling efficacy was measured. The radio-labeled platelet concentrate was mixed with the autologous plasma to make the volume 5 ml, and the mixture was injected intravenously into the experimental animal. After 2 hour circulation, 5 pieces of the specimen(10mm in length each) were obtained from each PVC tube. The radioisotopes were counted with a gamma counter(Cobra ll, Packard, USA), and the ratio of radioisotope count was compared between the control and experimental group. Result: The radioisotope count number was 537.3221.1 Ci/min in the control group and 311.1 184.5 Ci/min in the experimental group(p=0.0104). The ratio between the groups was 1 to 0.58 (p=0.004). Conclusion: In vivo quantification using technetium-99m-HMPAO labeled platelets is simple and reproducible in evaluating platelet adhesion on a foreign surface. We suggest this technique to be a useful tool for blood compatibility test.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2004

A systemic approach to behavior on the basis of human psychology is needed for behavior-centered space design. Also, the recognition that human and environment, in all, have complementarity is needed- human and space shall be understood as a general phenomenon, supposing interaction. Design of behavior-oriented space means configuration and coordination of physical subjects as well as understanding, analysis and reflection of psychological and behavioral phenomena. It is analysis of a private individual as well as understanding of interaction between human groups, as well. In respect of space recognition, analysis not on material movement but on energy circulation and variable is important. It means that the understanding of user's behavior and psychology does not orient reasonable purpose just for convenience. That is, such understanding intends to understand behavioral patterns and psychological phenomena between space and human beyond the decomposition of structure of human and space into physical elements and the design based on standardized data. Thereby, more human-oriented space design might be implemented by the understanding of behavioral essence. Also, a user-centered design process from another viewpoint might be created, and the general amenity among man, space and environment - better environmental quality - might be produced. For this, the consciousness of human activity that is, activity system shall be ahead of it, and the approaches for design shall be implemented into a process not in predictive ideas but in semi-scientific system. On the basis of the above view, this study was attempted to investigate the orientation of design to recognize space as another life, and explore a process where it is drawn into a design language on the basis of human behavior. If the essence of space behavior and the activity system are analyzed through user observation and it is reflected upon a space design program and then developed into a formative language, a new design process on human and environment might be produced. In conclusion, the reflection of user's behavior and psychology into design, contrary to existing public space design based on physical data, can orient quality improvement of human life and ultimately be helpful to the proposition, 'humanization of space'.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

Magnetic and structural properties of $(CoFe_2O_4)_{1-x}(Y_3Fe_5O_{12})_x$ powders (0 $\leq$ x $\leq$ 1) grown by a conventional ceramic method were investigated using X-ray diffractormeter (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Mossbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results for the powders annealed at 120$0^{\circ}C$ indicated that no other peak was observed except for the ones from cobalt ferrite and the garnet powder. SEM micrographs indicated that cobalt ferrite and garnet powders were aggregated and completely formed together. It was hard to identify which part of the powders was the garnet or the cobalt ferrite. Mossbauer spectra for powders grown separately and mixed mechanically consisted of sub-spectra of cobalt ferrite and garnet, however, powders annealed together had an extra sub-spectrum, which was related with the interaction between iron ions at the grain surfaces of cobalt ferrite and the garnet: cobalt ferrite and garnet particles were located very closely. The value of the saturation magnetization measured by a VSM as a function of composition ratio agreed very well with the ones based on the theoretical calculation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the structural dynamic behavior under hybrid control system. The hybrid test is to consider the interaction between the numerical and physical models. In this paper, single degree of freedom hybrid test was performed with one-bay, two-story steel frame structure. One column at the first floor was selected as a physical substructure and one actuator was used for applying the displacement load in horizontal direction. El Centro as earthquake waves was inputted and OpenSees was employed as the numerical analysis program for the hybrid real-time simulation. As a result, the total time of the hybrid test was about 9.6% of actual measured seismic period. The experimental results agreed well with the numerical one in terms of the maximum displacement. In nonlinear analysis, however, material nonlinearity made a difference of residual strain. Therefore, this hybrid dynamic test can be used to predict the structural dynamic performance more effectively than shaking table test, because of the spatial and economic limitations.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.111-116
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• 2012

Far-infrared observations provide crucial data for the investigation and characterisation of the properties of dusty material in the Interstellar Medium (ISM), since most of its energy is emitted between ~ 100 and $200{\mu}m$. We present the first all-sky image from a sensitive all-sky survey using the Japanese AKARI satellite, in the wavelength range $50-180{\mu}m$. Covering > 99% of the sky in four photometric bands with four filters centred at $65{\mu}m$, $90{\mu}m$, $140{\mu}m$, and $160{\mu}m$ wavelengths, this achieved spatial resolutions from 1 to 2 arcmin and a detection limit of < 10 MJy $sr^{-1}$, with absolute and relative photometric accuracies of < 20%. All-sky images of the Galactic dust continuum emission enable astronomers to map the large-scale distribution of the diffuse ISM cirrus, to study its thermal dust temperature, emissivity and column density, and to measure the interaction of the Galactic radiation field and embedded objects with the surrounding ISM. In addition to the point source population of stars, protostars, star-forming regions, and galaxies, the high Galactic latitude sky is shown to be covered with a diffuse filamentary-web of dusty emission that traces the potential sites of high latitude star formation. We show that the temperature of dust particles in thermal equilibrium with the ambient interstellar radiation field can be estimated by using $90{\mu}m$, $140{\mu}m$, and $160{\mu}m$ data. The FIR AKARI full-sky maps provide a rich new data set within which astronomers can investigate the distribution of interstellar matter throughout our Galaxy, and beyond.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02a
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• pp.945-953
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• 2006

The researchers in the field of cognitive science and learning science suggest that the teaching activity induces the elaborative and meaningful learning. Actually, lots of research findings have shown the beneficial effect of learning by teaching such as peer tutoring. But peer tutoring has some limitations in the practical learning context. To overcome some limitations, the new concept of "learning by teaching" through the agent called Teachable Agent. The teachable agent is a modified version of traditional intelligent tutoring system that assigns a role of tutor to teach the agent. The teachable agent monitors individual difference and provides a student with a chance for deep learning and motivation to learn by allowing them to play an active role in the process of learning. That is, The teaching activity induces the elaborative and meaningful learning. This study compared the effects of our teachable agent, KORI, and peer tutoring on the cognition and motivation. The field experiment was conducted to examine whether learning by teaching the teachable agent would be more effective than peer tutoring and reading condition. In the experiment, all participants took 30 minutes lesson on rock and rock cycle together to acquire the base knowledge in the domain. After the lesson, participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions; reading condition, peer tutoring condition, and teachable agent condition. Next, participants of each condition moved into separated place and performed their own learning activity. After finishing all of the learning activities in each condition, all participants were instructed to rate the interestingness using a 5-point scale on their own learning activity and leaning material, and were given the comprehension test. The results indicated that the teachable agent condition and the peer tutoring condition showed more interests in the learning than the reading condition. It is suggested that teachable agent has more advantages in overcoming the several practical limitations of peer tutoring such as restrictions in time and place, tutor's cognitive burden, unnecessary interaction during peer tutoring. The applicability and prospects of the teachable agent as an efficient substitute for peer tutoring and traditional intelligent tutoring system were also discussed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.236-240
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• 2015

Previously we reported that the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 is capable of producing hydrogen (H₂) from formate, CO or starch. In this study, we describe the immobilization of T. onnurineus NA1 as an alternative means of H₂ production. Amine-coated silica particles were effective in immobilizing T. onnurineus NA1 by electrostatic interaction, showing a maximum cell adsorption capacity of 71.7 mg-dried cells per g of particle. In three cycles of repeated-batch cultivation using sodium formate as the sole energy source, immobilized cells showed reproducible H₂ production with a considerable increase in the initial production rate from 2.3 to 4.0 mmol l⁻¹ h⁻¹, mainly due to the increase in the immobilized cell concentration as the batch culture was repeated. Thus, the immobilized-cell system of T. onnurineus NA1 was demonstrated to be feasible for H₂ production. This study is the first example of immobilized cells of hyperthermophilic archaea being used for the production of H₂.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.825-830
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• 1997

Leukotrienes(LTs) are hewn to act as a mediator provoking tissue response in inflammation. This finding implicates that LTs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of H, pylori-induced gastritis and gastric ulceration. Rebamipide is being currently used as a therapeutics for gastritis and peptic ulcer, but their mechanisms of action have not been known clearly yet. One possibility is that their therapeutic effects are ascribed to interfering with the H. pylori-induced release of LTs from neutrophils and gastric mucosal cells. In the present study, this possibility was tested using $LTB_4$ as the test material in human neutrophils and Kato III cells(gastric adenoma cells as a substitute for gastric mucosal cells). The release of $LTB_4$ from both neutrophils and Kato III cells was time and H. pylori-dose dependent. The maximum release of $LTB_4$ was induced by neutrophils and Kato III cells when these cells incubated with H. pylori $(4.8{\times}10^8\;cells/ml$ for 30min. But in the presence of rebamipide the release of $LTB_4$ from these cells was suppressed in dose dependent manners. The release was completely suppressed at 1.0 mM of rebamipide in neutrophils and 2.0 mM of this drug in Kato III cells, respectively. We also obtained the results that the release of $LTB_4$ was induced by A23187$(Ca^{2+}\;ionophore)$ and the A23187-induced release was also inhibited by rebamipide. It seems that the machanism of action of rebamipide is through its interaction with the level of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. In view of the roles of $LTB_4$ in inflammatory reaction and the roles of H. pylori in gastritis and peptic ulcer, the effects of this drug observed in this study may contribute to their therapeutic action in these gastric disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.30
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• pp.85-99
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• 1996

This study has been made to examine the symbolic meaning of our traditional costume colours based on the theory of yin-yang Wu-hsing the interaction of yin and yang with the rotation of the five agents wood firt earth metal and waters. Presenting the spirt and the life of our race the costume culture has been keep-ing its own systematic symbol. Being sensible the colour has to be under-stood as the colour sense therefore the cos-tume colour has begun to have the symbolic meaning with the feeling or the mental value. According to the theory of yin-yang wu-hsing the costume colour has presented our racial sprit way of thinking and way of life for a long time and it has become the tra-ditional culture at last. Based on the doctrine of cosmic harmony through the motion of yin and yang or the passive and active elements are their five agents form the material force of everything. The order of nature has its counterpart in five symbolic costume colours wood-blue ; fire-red: earth-yellow; metal-white: water-black. The five colours are called the primary colours. which produce the next compound colours. Accepted in the social system as well as the social stats the costume colour has set up systematically. The theory of Yin-yang Wu-hsing has given the five colours the symbolic meanings and its mainstream has been the function of Sangsaeng and Sangeuk which are genera-ted by the power of virture. The former is mu-tually beneficial while the latter destructive. The colour as a costume colour has been made distinction between the colour of the up-per classes and the colour of the middle and lower classes and the specific colour has presented the symbolic meanings. The yeollow the red and the purple have been regarded as the colour of king queen and upper classes Being the colour recognition the costume colour has been established by the society and the race generally Implied the spiritual elements the colour recognition could select the lucky colour in accordance with one's des-tiny. Besides the colour recognition has begun to appear as the racial costumes to protect the society and to pray for good fortune. According to the theory of Yin-yang Wu-hsing the costume colour has been forming through our long history and has become our costume culture. Therefore the colour of the costume has signified not only the colour sense but also the important symbolic meanings.