• Title/Summary/Keyword: material and equipment

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An Evaluation of Food Safety Sanitation Management Practices of Food Manufacturing Companies that Supply Foods to School Foodservice (학교급식 식재료 제조.가공업체의 위생관리 실태 조사)

  • Kim, Yun-Hwa;Lee, Yeon-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.39 no.10
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    • pp.1535-1544
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the sanitation management practices in food manufacturing companies that supply food and food ingredients to school foodservice operations. Subjects consisted of 34 food manufacturing factories located in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. Sanitation performance was self-evaluated using a Likert 5-point scale. The total mean score for factory sanitation performance was 4.72. Scores for perceived sanitation management performance in the factories were as follows: management of material (4.90); personal hygiene (4.78); management of work (4.71); management of workplace and vicinity (4.68); and food and raw material transportation (4.67). Participating companies that had HACCP certification programs scored high on the following sanitation inspection items: washing and sanitation guides, adequate equipment for correct hand washing, and sanitation of raw material delivery vans. The mean frequency for employee sanitation education was 2.8 times per month. Factory managers believed that their sanitation management programs kept their food safe and that the food was produced and delivered with a high degree of safety. However, they thought that food sanitation standardization was needed in order to supply high-quality and safe food items. In terms of traceability, 58.8% of the raw materials were traceable and 61.8% of the manufactured products were traceable. Sanitation management performance scores for the participating food manufacturing companies were high, although the soybean sprouts processing companies had comparatively low scores. Management reinforcement of employee sanitation education and a sense of duty and pride among factory employees will promote adequate and appropriate sanitation management performance for food safety and quality in factories that supply food and ingredients to school foodservice operations.

Improvement of existing drainage system for leakage treatment in exiting underground structures (운영중인 지하구조물의 누수처리를 위한 유도배수공법의 개선)

  • Kim, Dong-Gyou;Yim, Min-Jin
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.669-683
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    • 2017
  • The objective of this study is to propose a modification of the previously proposed drainage system for catching the partial leakage of underground concrete structures. Two techniques were proposed for applying the drainage system only to the leaking parts. One was for conveying leaking groundwater to the collection point in the drainage system and the other was for conveying the collected groundwater to the primary drainage system of the underground concrete structure. Four waterproofing materials for conveying leaking groundwater to the catchment point of the drainage system, Durkflex made of porous rubber material, KE-45 silicone adhesive with super strong adhesion, Hotty-gel made of polymeric materials and general silicone adhesive were evaluated for waterproofing performance. Hotty-gel only showed perfect waterproof performance and the other three waterproof materials leaked. The modified drainage system with Hotty-gel and drainage pipe with fixed saddle to convey the leaking groundwater from the catchment point to the primary drainage system were tested on the concrete retaining wall. The waterproof performance and the drainage performance were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of water in the back of the modified drainage system at the 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day, 2-month and 3-month. There was no problem in waterproof performance and drainage performance of the modified drainage system during 3 months. In order to evaluate the construction period and construction cost of the modified drainage system, it was compared with the existing leaching repair method in surface cleaning stage, leakage treatment stage, and protective barrier stage. Total construction period and construction cost were compared in considering the contents of work, repair material, construction equipment, working time, and total number of workers. As a result of comparing and analyzing in each construction stage, it was concluded that the modified drainage system could save construction period and construction cost compared to the existing leaching repair method.

A Study on Bismuth tri-iodide for X-ray direct and digital imagers (직접방식 엑스선 검출기를 위한 $BiI_3$ 특성 연구)

  • Lee, S.H.;Kim, Y.S.;Kim, Y.B.;Jung, S.H.;Park, J.K.;Jung, W.B.;Jang, M.Y.;Mun, C.W.;Nam, S.H.
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.27-31
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    • 2009
  • Now a days, the Medical X-ray equipments has become digitalized from analog type such as film, cassette to CR, DR. And many scientists are still researching and developing the Medical X-ray equipment. In this study, we used the Bismuth tri-iodide to conversion material for digital X-ray equipments and we couldn't get the satisfying result than previous study, but it opened new possibility to cover the disadvantage of a-Se is high voltage aplly and difficultness of make. In this paper, we use $BiI_3$ powder(99.99%) as x-ray conversion material and make films that have thickness of 200um and the film size is $3cm{\times}3cm$. Also, we deposited an ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) electrode as top electrode and bottom electrode using a Magnetron Sputtering System. To evaluate a characteristics of the produced films, an electrical and structural properties are performed. Through a SEM analysis, we confirmed a surface and component part. And to analyze the electrical properties, darkcurrent, sensitivity and SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) are measured. Darkcurrent is $1.6nA/cm^2$ and sensitivity is $0.629nC/cm^2$ and this study shows that the electrical properties of x-ray conversion material that made by screen printing method are similar to PVD method or better than that. This results suggest that $BiI_3$ is suitable for a replacement of a-Se because of the reduced manufacture processing and improved yield.

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Material Characteristics and Provenance Presumption for Stone Artifacts of Bronze Age from the Hyocheon Site in Gwangju, Korea (광주 효천유적 출토 청동기시대 석기의 재질특성과 원산지 추정)

  • Park, Sung-Mi;Lee, Chan-Hee;Kim, Ji-Young;Jeong, Il
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.21
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    • pp.5-20
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    • 2007
  • The stone artifacts in Bronze age from the Hyocheon sites in the Gwangju, Korea were studied on the basis of material characteristics and provenance presumptions. The use and rock names of the artifacts are a stone shovel by andesite, the stone grinding pestle by pyrophyllite, the stone sickle by schist and four stone semifinished artifacts by slates. Andesitic stone shovel could be observed easily around the Hyocheon relic site. But, rocks of the stone grinding pestle, the stone sickle, the stone arrowhead and the stone semifinished artifacts could be confirmed typical occurrences of the all kinds of rocks around the Hwasun coal mine area above 10km from the site. These are made the coupled samples with each stone artifact to the same kinds of raw material rocks based on analysis of the lithology and geochemistry. As a result a geochemical evolution trends of both a stone artifact and the rock showed very similar patterns based on normalization using the behavior, enrichment, compatibility and incompatibility of the elements. Therefore, the source rock of the stone shovel was convey from Mudeung mountain possible interpreted that the domestic-type artifacts are distributed in the vicinity of the Hyocheon site. On the other hand, the stone grinding pestle, the stone sickle, the stone arrowhead and the stone semifinished artifacts were convey from the Hwasun coal mine area possible foreign-type stone artifacts interpreted that the source rocks. Consequently, in the foreign-type stone artifacts are should archaeologic research which it can examine various possibilities clearly that the possibility to coming the introduction with the mankind migration, diffusion to dealings of tribe, the captured enemy equipment through the war and the trade with the behavior of the materials.

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Relationship between Compressive Strength and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity in the Cement Based Solid Product for Consolidating Disposal of Medium-Low Level Radioactive Waste (중·저준위 방사성 폐기물 처리용 시멘트 고화체의 압축강도와 동탄성계수의 관계)

  • Kim, Jin-Man;Jeong, Ji-Yong;Choi, Ji-Ho;Shin, Sang-Chul
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.321-329
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    • 2013
  • Recently, the medium-low level radioactive waste from nuclear power plant must be transported from temporary storage to the final repository. Medium-low level radioactive waste, which is composed mainly of the liquid ion exchange resin, has been consolidated with cementitious material in the plastic or iron container. Since cementitious material is brittle, it would generate cracks by impact load during transportation, signifying leakage of radioactive ray. In order to design the safety transporting equipment, there is a need to check the compressive strength of the current waste. However, because it is impossible to measure strength by direct method due to leakage of radioactive ray, we will estimate the strength indirectly by the dynamic modulus of elasticity. Therefore, it must be identified the relationship between of strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity. According to the waste acceptance criteria, the compressive strength of cement based solid is defined as more than 3.44 MPa (500 psi). Compressive strength of the present solid is likely to be significantly higher than this baseline because of continuous hydration of cement during long period. On this background, we have tried to produce the specimens of the 28 day's compressive strength of 3 to 30 MPa having the same material composition as the solid product for the medium-low level radioactive waste, and analyze the relationship between the strength and the dynamic modulus of elasticity. By controling the addition rates of AE agent, we made the mixture containing the ion exchange resin and showing the target compressive strength (3~30 MPa). The dynamic modulus of elasticity of this mixtures is 4.1~10.2 GPa, about 20 GPa lower in the equivalent compressive strength level than that of ordinary concrete, and increasing the discrepancy according to increase strength. The compressive strength and the dynamic modulus of elasticity show the liner relationship.

Performance Status of Sanitary Management of School Food Service in the Jeonnam Area (전남지역 학교급식의 위생관리 실태)

  • 고무석;정난희;이전옥
    • Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.51-67
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    • 2004
  • This study analyzed the effects of nutrition technicians' hygiene education on cooking workers' performance of hygiene management in order to ensure the security of school meals. The situation of cooking workers' disposition in subject schools was elementary school(51.1%) and middle school(48.9%) and the type of meals was rural area type(54.2%), urban type(36.5%). and island and isolated area type(9.3%). The methods of meals management were single cooking(88.2%) and joint cooking and management(11.8%). The type of distributing meals was distributing in a dining room(93.5%), in a classroom(3.7%), and in both dining room and classroom(2.8%). Nutrition technicians' employment form included regular(53.5%) and daily(88.2%). Their education was junior college graduate(50.2%), university graduate(44.8%). and graduate school students(5.0%). Cooking workers' employment form included daily(88.2%) and regular (11.1%). suggesting that most were regular. Most cooking workers(77.4%) had at least high school certificate. Regarding the situation of cooking workers' disposition in subject schools, the number of student per one cooking worker was found as 91-120(37.2%), 61-90(22.6%). 60 and under(21.l %). 121-15006.7%). and 151 and over(2.5%). Cooking workers' level of performance of hygiene management was post-working stage(66.37/75 marks), pre-working stage(64.22/75 marks). and working stage(20.34/25 marks), The counting of meals articles in a pre-working stage(20.34/25 marks). temperature and required time in a working stage(18.78/25 marks), and machinery equipment and hygiene in a pre-working stage(21.40/25 marks) showed lowest of performance, which suggest poor service of hygiene. Cooking workers' performance of hygiene management by working stage showed the significant difference with school class(p<.001), type of schools with meals(p<.05). state of cooking workers' employment(p<.001), and cooking worker's disposition(p<.05). A working stage showed the significant difference with type of schools with meals(p<.05). A post-working stage showed the significant difference according to type of schools with meals(p<.05), and the methods of meals management(p<.05), and cooking workers' disposition(p<.05). In the execution of hygiene education, individual hygiene was highest(94.8%), followed by the management of machinery equipment and tools(89.7%), food poisoning and microorganism(94.7%), and the method of food treatment(76.4%). A yearly plan of hygiene education included established(83.9%) and not established(l6.1%). Regular education included not executed(25.1%), 2-3 times a month(l6.1%), and more than 4 a month(4.0%) and occasional education was not executed(57.0%), 1-3 times a month(26.3%), and more than 4 a month(l5.7%). In the methods for hygiene education, oral education(95.7%) was used most, followed by demonstration(10.5%), poster/photo(10.5%), video/slide(3.7%), and computer(3.7%). Frequency of improvement and complement of hygiene education included once a month(56.3%), once a year(20.7%), by quarter(l1.5%), and every six months(1l.5%). Newspaper was used most in materials of hygiene education, followed by internet, TV, nutrition technician's reeducation, information exchange between members, educational office's training, and reference book, and educational office's material. and symposium. Cooking workers' assessment of the effect of hygiene education was conducted through observation(56.8%), check table(l5.2%), question(l4.0%), and examination(14.0%). The reason of cooking workers' low level of performance included habitual custom(53.9%), lack of understanding(20.4%), overwork(l4.6%), and lack of knowledge(l1.l%) and the reason of difficulty in hygiene education included lack of time(55.3%), lack of understanding(27.6%), lack of knowledge and information(8.7%), and lack of budget(48.0%).

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Hypertension Management Status in Rural Hypertensives (농촌지역(農村地域) 고혈압환자(高血壓患者)의 고혈압(高血壓) 관리행태(管理行態))

  • Kim, Hyun-Sook;Kam, Sin;Kim, Jong-Yeon;Park, Ki-Soo;Lee, Kyeong-Soo
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.93-106
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    • 2003
  • Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the treatment status and its related factors of the rural hypertensives. Methods: A questionnaire survey was performed to 618 rural hypertensives during September, 2002. Results: The proportion of those who were compliant to the antihypertensive medication was 68.9%. The compliance rate to the antihypertensive medication was significantly related with sex and economic status(p<0.05). That is, if they were female, higher economic level, the regular antihypertensive medication rate was higher. The regular antihypertensive medication rate was higher when they had higher knowledge for hypertension, higher severity for hypertension of him or her(p<0.01). And the compliance rate to the antihypertensive medication was significantly related with hypertensives' own explanatory model for hypertension(p<0.01). The rate of drug use except antihypertensives was 12.5%. The rate of drug use except antihypertensives was higher when they experienced side effects of antihypertensive drug and when they had irregular medication for antihypertensive drug(p<0.01). The rate of medical equipment use was 18.9%. The utilization rate of medical equipment such as jade mat, germanium material was significantly related with age, experience of side effects of antihypertensive drug, medication status for antihypertensive drug(p<0.05). The rate of folk therapy use was 16.2%. The rate of folk therapy use was higher when they had no family, when they had knowledge about hypertension on the average, when they had hypertension over 10 years(p<0.05), and when they experienced side effects of antihypertensive drug and when they had irregular medication for antihypertensive drug(p<0.01). The rates of drug use except antihypertensives, medical equipment use, and folk therapy were significantly related with hypertensives' own explanatory model for hypertension(p<0.05). Conclusions: On consideration of above findings, it would be essential to provide knowledge about hypertension and its treatment, and severity of hypertension complications through health education.

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Comparison of Effectiveness about Image Quality and Scan Time According to Reconstruction Method in Bone SPECT (영상 재구성 방법에 따른 Bone SPECT 영상의 질과 검사시간에 대한 실효성 비교)

  • Kim, Woo-Hyun;Jung, Woo-Young;Lee, Ju-Young;Ryu, Jae-Kwang
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: Nowadays in the nuclear medicine, many studies and efforts are being made to reduce the scan time, as well as the waiting time to be needed to execute exams after injection of radionuclide medicines. Several methods are being used in clinic, such as developing new radionuclide compounds that enable to be absorbed into target organs more quickly and reducing acquisition scan time by increase the number of Gamma Camera detectors to examine. Each medical equipment manufacturer has improved the imaging process techniques to reduce scan time. In this paper, we tried to analyze the difference of image quality between FBP, 3D OSEM reconstruction methods that commercialized and being clinically applied, and Astonish reconstruction method (A kind of Iterative fast reconstruction method of Philips), also difference of image quality on scan time. Material and Methods: We investigated in 32 patients that examined the Bone SPECT from June to July 2008 at department of nuclear medicine, ASAN Medical Center in Seoul. 40sec/frame and 20sec/frame images were acquired that using Philips‘ PRECEDENCE 16 Gamma Camera and then reconstructed those images by using the Astonish (Philips’ Reconstruction Method), 3D OSEM and FBP methods. The blinded test was performed to the clinical interpreting physicians with all images analyzed by each reconstruction method for qualitative analysis. And we analyzed target to non target ratio by draws lesions as the center of disease for quantitative analysis. At this time, each image was analyzed with same location and size of ROI. Results: In a qualitative analysis, there was no significant difference by acquisition time changes in image quality. In a quantitative analysis, the images reconstructed Astonish method showed good quality due to better sharpness and distinguish sharply between lesions and peripheral lesions. After measuring each mean value and standard deviation value of target to non target ratio with 40 sec/frame and 20sec/frame images, those values are Astonish (40 sec-$13.91{\pm}5.62$ : 20 sec-$13.88{\pm}5.92$), 3D OSEM (40 sec-$10.60{\pm}3.55$ : 20 sec-$10.55{\pm}3.64$), FBP (40 sec-$8.30{\pm}4.44$ : 20 sec-$8.19{\pm}4.20$). We analyzed target to non target ratio from 20 sec and 40 sec images. And we analyzed the result, In Astonish (t=0.16, p=0.872), 3D OSEM (t=0.51, p=0.610), FBP (t=0.73, p=0.469) methods, there was no significant difference statistically by acquisition time change in image quality. But FBP indicates no statistical differences while some images indicate difference between 40 sec/frame and 20 sec/frame images by various factors. Conclusions: In the circumstance, try to find a solution to reduce nuclear medicine scan time, the development of nuclear medicine equipment hardware has decreased while software has marched forward at a relentless. Due to development of computer hardware, the image reconstruction time was reduced and the expanded capacity to restore enables iterative methods that couldn't be performed before due to technical limits. As imaging process technique developed, it reduced scan time and we could observe that image quality keep similar level. While keeping exam quality and reducing scan time can induce the reduction of patient's pain and sensory waiting time, also accessibility of nuclear medicine exam will be improved and it provide better service to patients and clinical physician who order exams. Consequently, those things make the image of department of nuclear medicine be improved. Concurrent Imaging - A new function that setting up each image acquisition parameter and enables to acquire images simultaneously with various parameters to once examine.

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A Study on Anti - Smoking Education of Middle and High Schools in Seoul (서울시내 중 . 고등학교에서의 금연교육실태)

  • 김은숙;조원정
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.59-70
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    • 1990
  • This study was performed during the period between March 22 and July 23, 1989 in other to examine status of aniti - smoking eduation in middle and high school in Seoul. The results were as follows; 1. The respondents of this study were 403 nurse teachers of whom 43.7% had implemented anti - smoking education and 56.3% had not implemented anti - smoking education. Classified by school, those schools implementing anti - smoking education were in order of frequency; boys' high schools (32.4%), coeducational high schools (18.3%) and boys' middle schools (13/6%) and those schools not implementing anti-smoking education were in order of frequency: girls' high schools (23.8%), girls' middle schools (22.5%) and coeducation middle schools(7.6%). 2. The number of times that anti - smoking education was done was once a year (60.8%) or twice a year (38.2%). For teaching materials, 49.4% of the schools reported possessing teaching materials and 50.6% reported not possessing teaching matenials. The content of the anti - smoking education material was classified by grade for 27.8% of the schools and not classified by grade for 72.2%. 3. In schools where anti - smoking education directed at giving up smoking was being used, several problems were presented; lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%) lack of equipment(29.0%), smoking by teachers(13.6%). On the other hand, in schools where anti - smoking education was not being used, the ploblems identified were, in the following order, lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%), lack of equipment(29.0%) lack of time (15.0%) and lack of information (15.4%). There was statistically significant difference the two types of schools. 4. In discussing the proper time for education on giving up smoking, the teachers in school with indicated anti - smoking education the following, in order of frequency, the first year of middle school(30.5%), the second year(27.6%), the last year of middle school (18.4%), primary school (11.9%). For those who did not have anti - smoking education, the result were similar, the first year of middle school (31.9%), the second year (23.5%), primary school (17.6%), and the last year of middle school (15.5%). There results were not statisically significant but they supports the idea of eaely education directed at giving up smoking. 5. The actual frequency of students smoking was as follows. In schools with anti - smoking education 33.5% of the students smoked a lot and seriously 33.0% smoked a little and not seriously. In schools without anti - smoking education, the majority of the teachers (50.4%) indicated that the students were 'few and not serious' followed by 'I don't know well'(19.8%), 'many but not serious'(15.6%), 'many and serious'(15.2%). This implies that the teachers in schools which have anti - smoking education think smoking is more seriously than those who are in schools which do not have anti - smoking education though it is influenced by the members of the school. The opinions on penalities for smoking were as follows; in schools with anti - smoking education, 'punish'(52.8%) and 'give advice'(27.8%). In schools with no anti-smoking education 'punish'(41.9%), 'give advice'(24.5%) and 'I don't know what the rules for punishment should be'(18.5%), and 'do not punish'(16.4). 6. For knowledge about smoking by nurse - teachers, in schools having anti - smoking education the average score was 30.40. There was not statistically significant differences in these scores. But, there is an indication of a need for a deeper and a moer systematic knowledge of smoking as shown by the problem points; lack of reference data and educational data. The reason for this is that education to give up smoking is not considered a part of routine life. But the majority(95.2%) of the respondents indicated that a systematic program in the schools would meet that need.

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A Study on the Development of Ultra-precision Small Angle Spindle for Curved Processing of Special Shape Pocket in the Fourth Industrial Revolution of Machine Tools (공작기계의 4차 산업혁명에서 특수한 형상 포켓 곡면가공을 위한 초정밀 소형 앵글 스핀들 개발에 관한 연구)

  • Lee Ji Woong
    • Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.119-126
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    • 2023
  • Today, in order to improve fuel efficiency and dynamic behavior of automobiles, an era of light weight and simplification of automobile parts is being formed. In order to simplify and design and manufacture the shape of the product, various components are integrated. For example, in order to commercialize three products into one product, product processing is occurring to a very narrow area. In the case of existing parts, precision die casting or casting production is used for processing convenience, and the multi-piece method requires a lot of processes and reduces the precision and strength of the parts. It is very advantageous to manufacture integrally to simplify the processing air and secure the strength of the parts, but if a deep and narrow pocket part needs to be processed, it cannot be processed with the equipment's own spindle. To solve a problem, research on cutting processing is being actively conducted, and multi-axis composite processing technology not only solves this problem. It has many advantages, such as being able to cut into composite shapes that have been difficult to flexibly cut through various processes with one machine tool so far. However, the reality is that expensive equipment increases manufacturing costs and lacks engineers who can operate the machine. In the five-axis cutting processing machine, when producing products with deep and narrow sections, the cycle time increases in product production due to the indirectness of tools, and many problems occur in processing. Therefore, dedicated machine tools and multi-axis composite machines should be used. Alternatively, an angle spindle may be used as a special tool capable of multi-axis composite machining of five or more axes in a three-axis machining center. Various and continuous studies are needed in areas such as processing vibration absorption, low heat generation and operational stability, excellent dimensional stability, and strength securing by using the angle spindle.