• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.772-779
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to examine problems with using F$_1$ data by simulation, association of marker loci and QTL from crosses of inbred parental lines and to enumerate the preliminary characterization of genetic superiority within inbred parental lines. In this study, the association between markers for QTL used as covariates and estimates of variance components due to effects of lines was investigated through computer simulation. The effects of size of population to develop inbred lines and initial frequencies and magnitudes of effects of QTL were also considered. Results show that estimates of variance components due to line effects are influenced by including marker information as covariates in the model for analysis. Estimates of line variance were increased by adding marker information into the analysis, because negative covariances between effects associated with the markers and the remaining effects associated with other loci existed. However, the fit of the model as indicated by the log likelihood improved by adding more markers as covariates into the analysis. Marker assisted selection will be beneficial when markers explain unexplained genetic difference during selection procedure. Markers can be used to identify QTLs affecting traits, and to select for favorable QTL alleles. To efficiently use genetic markers, location of markers at the genome must be identified. The estimates of variance due to effects of with and without marker information used as covariates in the analysis were investigated. The estimates of line variances were always increased when markers were included as covariates for the model because a negative covariance were existed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.333-340
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• 2018

Gamiguibi-tang (GGBT) is a traditional herbal medicine generally used to treat anemia, insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness. GGBT is being commercially produced in the form of extract granule and the quality control methods are specified in the Korean Herbal Pharmacopeia (KHP). However, there is no method to simultaneously analyze compound preparations. In this study, a HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of marker compounds in GGBT. And the contents of marker components and biological activities of the commercial GGBT extract granules (GGBT-2 and GGBT-3) were compared with those of the GGBT decoction (GGBT-1). We confirmed the robustness of simultaneous analytical method by monitoring the contents of the commercial GGBT products and carrying out validation. The marker components of GGBT were geniposide ($8.03{\sim}12.70{\mu}g/mL$), paeoniflorin ($2.79{\sim}4.25{\mu}g/mL$) and glycyrrhizic acid ($5.06{\sim}6.30{\mu}g/mL$). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 47.34~63.17% and 21.52~33.61% in the GGBT products concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The GGBT products significantly decreased NO, iNOS and COX-2 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The GGBT-2 had higher contents of marker components and biological activities than GGBT-1 and GGBT-3. The research suggest that be used in developing quality control methods for enhancing the quality of herbal medicines.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2018

Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) was one of the major traditional herbal medicines wildly used in the treatment of respiratory disease. SCRT is being commercially produced in the form of mix extracts powder and soft dry extract by different extract methods in the Korean Herbal Pharmacopeia (KHP). In this study, the contents of marker components and biological activities of the SCRT mix extract powder were compared with those of the SCRT decoction. To analyze the marker components of SCRT, nine marker from eight herbal preparations were chosen. And the method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detector method was established for the simultaneous analysis. Method validation was accomplished by linearity, precision test, and recovery test. The contents of nine marker components in this extract was ascertained by ratio. The biological activities were examined the effect of SCRT on anti-oxidation and pro-inflammation mediated by LPS-stimulation. We confirmed that both of SCRT mix extrct powder and decoction have the similar contents on total polyphenol and flavonoid and inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and the expression of iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$. These results suggest that SCRT mix extract powder and decoction have a significant correlation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2018

Pyungwi-san has been used to treat the digestive system diseases, physconia, nausea, anorexia, and dyspepsia in Korea. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was optimized for simultaneous determination of the 14 marker components, spinosin, liquiritirn apioside, liquiritin, narirutin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin, hesperidin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, atractylenolide III, honokiol, atractylenolide II, magnolol, and atractylenolide I in Pyungwi-san extract. All analytes were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) with maintained at $45^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. The MS conditions were as follows: capillary voltage 3.3 kV, extractor voltage 3.0 V, RF lens voltage 0.3 V, source temperature $120^{\circ}C$, desolvation temperature $300^{\circ}C$, desolvation gas 600 L/h, cone gas 50 L/h and collision gas 0.14 mL/min. The coefficient of determination of 14 analytes was 0.9989-1.0000. The limits of detection and quantification values of the all analytes were 0.04-2.56 and 0.13-7.69 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of the analysis using the established LC-ESI-MS/MS method, the 5 components, spinosin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin, atractylenolide III, II, and I derived from Zizyphi Fructus and Atractylodis Rhizoma, were not detected in this extract. On the other hand, the 9 components except for the 5 components were 4.15-498.87 mg/kg in lyophilized Pyungwi-san extract. Among these components, glycyrrhizin, marker compound of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, was detected the most amount as a 498.87 mg/kg.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2019

In this study, the marker compounds of Curcumae Rhizoma (CR) were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector and the anti-inflammatory effects of CR extract and marker compounds in human benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial-1 (BPH-1) cell lines were investigated. The marker components (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, furanodienone, and germacrone, were separated on Gemini $C_{18}$ columns ($250mm{\times}4.6mm$, $5{\mu}m$) at $40^{\circ}C$ by using a gradient of two mobile phases eluting at 1.0 mL/min. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels in Human BPH-1 cells were determined with an ELISA kit. The coefficients of determination in a calibration curve of each analyte were all 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantification of the three compounds were $0.10-0.32{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.30-0.98{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The content of three compounds, (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, furanodienone, and germacrone, in the CR sample were found to be 5.79 - 5.92 mg/g, 4.72 - 4.86 mg/g, and 1.06 - 1.09 mg/g, respectively. Regarding pharmacological activity against benign prostatic hyperplasia, CR and its components significantly suppressed $PGE_2$ levels of BPH-1 cells. The established analysis method will help to improve quality assessment of CR samples and related products. In addition, CR and its components exhibit antiinflammatory activity in BPH-1 cells, suggesting the inhibitory efficacy of these compounds against the pathogenesis of BPH.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.397-401
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• 2016

The quality control is a fundamental procedure for the standardization of herbal medicine to guarantee the consistency of efficacy and safety. For a long time, the quality analysis of herbal medicine has been largely dependent on the routine sensory evaluation, such as taste, smell, color, and shape. However, with the recent development of analytical instruments, various scientific approaches have been introduced in this field. On the basis of the theory that the biological activities of herbal medicine are mainly contributed by its chemical compositions, several types of chemical markers have been suggested for the quality evaluation. In addition to the analytical methods for the specific marker compound(s), including analytical marker and active marker, recently, chemical fingerprinting, a method comparing the chromatographic pattern of the whole chemical components, has been developed and widely accepted as a reliable approach for the quality control of herbal medicine. Moreover, in order to exactly understand the relationship between complex compounds and their holistic biological activities in herbal medicine, unique strategies, such as "BECCs (bioactive equivalent combinatorial components)" and "PhytomicsQC" have been established. In this article, we give an overview of the several categories of chemical markers and the recent research trends for the quality evaluation of herbal medicine.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2006

When whole cells are subjected to pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis, it provides biochemical profiles containing overlapping signals of the majority of compounds. To determine marker compounds that discriminate embryogenic calluses from nonembryogenic calluses, samples of embryogenic and nonembryogenic calluses of five higher plant species were subjected to Py-GC/MS. Genetic programming of Py-GC/MS data was able to discriminate embryogenic calluses from nonembryogenic calluses. The content ratio of 5-meyhyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde was greater in nonembryogenic calluses than in embryogenic calluses. However, the content ratio of phenol, p-cresol, and $^1H-indole$ in embryogenic calluses was 1.2 to 2.4 times greater than the ratio in nonembryogenic calluses. These pyrolysates seem to be derived from the components of the cell walls, which suggests that differences in cell wall components or changes in the architecture of the cell wall playa crucial role in determining the embryogenic competence of calluses.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2007

The residual sulfur dioxide in the five herbal medicines dried with burning bituminous coal for 9 hours showed from 339 (Glycyrrhizae Radix) to 1,138 mg/kg (Zingiberis Rhizoma) measured right after drying. The residual sulfur dioxide, from 70.1 to 95.5%, was remained in the above five matrices even after 30 days passed. The marker components concentration in above five herbal medicines like glycyrrhizic acid, betaine et al., were almost same after drying in oven and with burning bituminous coal.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

Objectives: We investigated to develop and validate HPLC-PDA methods for simultaneous determination of eight constituents in Galgeun-tang (GGT). Methods: Reverse-phase chromatography using a Gemini C18 column operating at $40^{\circ}C$, and photodiode array (PDA) detection at 230 nm, 254 nm, and 280 nm, were used for quantification of the eight marker components of GGT. The mobile phase using a gradient flow consisted of two solvent systems. Solvent A was 1.0% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid and solvent B was acetonitrile with 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid. Results: Calibration curves were acquired with $r^2$ > 0.9999, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values (%) for intra- and inter-day precision were less than 3.0%. The recovery rate of each component was in the range of 87.33-101.38%, with an RSD less than 7.0%. The contents of the eight components in GGT were 1.98-12.17 mg/g. Conclusions: The established method will be applied for the quantification of marker components in GGT.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2019

One of the oriental medicine prescriptions, Sagunja-tang consists of four herbal medicines (Ginseng Radix, Poria Sclerotium, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, and Glycyrrhiziae Radix et Rhizoma) and has been used as a medicine to enhance tonify the function of spleen and stomach in Korea. In this study, we conducted simultaneous analysis of the 9 marker components, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, ginsenoside Rg1, liquiritigenin, ginsenoside Rb1, glycyrrhizin, atractylenolide III, atractylenolide II, and atractylenolide I in Sagunja-tang using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Marker compounds were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, 1.7 mm) and the column was maintained at $45^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consists of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile with gradient condition. The LC-MS analysis was performed using a Waters ACQUITY TQD LC-MS/MS system with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method in the positive and negative modes. The calibration curves of the nine marker components showed good linearity with coefficient of determination ${\geq}0.9984$ within tested range. The limits of detection and limits of quantification values were 0.27-2.42 ng/mL and 0.81-7.27 ng/mL, respectively. The concentrations of tested 9 analytes in the lyophilized Sagunja-tang sample using the established LC-ESI-MS/MS MRM method were detected up to 16.593 mg/g. These results can be useful as a basic data for the quality control of an oriental medicine prescriptions.