• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

The ionosphere has been monitored by ionosondes for over five decades since the 1960s in Korea. An ionosonde typically produces an ionogram that displays radio echoes in the frequency-range plane. The trace of echoes in the plane can be read either manually or automatically to derive useful ionospheric parameters such as foF2 (peak frequency of the F2 layer) and hmF2 (peak height of the F2 layer). Monitoring of the ionosphere should be routinely performed in a given time cadence, and thus, automatic scaling of an ionogram is generally executed to obtain ionospheric parameters. However, an auto-scaling program can generate undesirable results that significantly misrepresent the ionosphere. In order to verify the degree of misrepresentation by an auto-scaling program, we performed manual scaling of all 35,136 ionograms measured at Jeju ($33.43^{\circ}N$, $126.30^{\circ}E$) throughout 2012. We compared our manually scaled parameters (foF2 and hmF2) with auto-scaled parameters that were obtained via the ARTIST5002 program. We classified five cases in terms of the erroneous scaling performed by the program. The results of the comparison indicate that the average differences with respect to foF2 and hmF2 between the two methods approximately correspond to 0.03 MHz and 4.1 km, respectively with corresponding standard deviations of 0.12 MHz and 9.58 km. Overall, 36 % of the auto-scaled results differ from the manually scaled results by the first decimal number. Therefore, future studies should be aware of the quality of auto-scaled parameters obtained via ARTIST5002. Hence, the results of the study recommend the use of manually scaled parameters (if available) for any serious applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze some factors that can cause incidence of the muscle and skeletal system trouble, by which Dental Hygiene Students examine the pain and the inconvenient feeling according to kinds in manual implements and the usability in the level of manipulating and maintaining the manual implement, in the actual training of the intra oral cavity along with mannequin given the scaling practice. Methods : Targeting 18 female juniors for the department of dental hygiene, who had directly practiced oral prophylaxis for 2 years, the questionnaire research was carried out right after the mutual practice in the intra oral cavity along with mannequin. Results : It was indicated that there is no big difficulty both in intra oral cavity and mannequin in terms of manipulating implement with a method of maintaining the rightly hand fixing or of grasping the trans formative pencil and of controlling force given manipulating the implement. How to grasp a trans formative pencil was indicated to be more difficult in the intra-oral manipulation(p<.05). Pain and inconvenient-feeling level, which occur in muscle and skeletal system during practicing the scaling in mannequin, were indicated to be in order of shoulder, wrist, neck, waist, elbow, and headache. Conclusion : There was no big difference in the pain and the inconvenient feeling in muscle and skeletal system according to mannequin and intra-oral environment given manipulating tile manual implement. However, there was difference in manipulating the implement with a method of grasping transformative pencil. The pain and inconvenient feeling in muscle and skeletal system were the highest both in shoulder and wrist.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

Objectives Total intracranial volume (TIV) is a major nuisance of neuroimaging research for interindividual differences of brain structure and function. Authors intended to prove the reliability of the atlas scaling factor (ASF) method for TIV estimation in FreeSurfer by comparing it with the results of manual tracing as reference method. Methods The TIVs of 26 normal children and 26 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were obtained by using FreeSurfer reconstruction and manual tracing with T1-weighted images. Manual tracing performed in every 10th slice of MRI dataset from midline of sagittal plane by one researcher who was blinded from clinical data. Another reseacher performed manual tracing independently for randomly selected 20 dataset to verify interrater reliability. Results The interrater reliability was excellent (intraclass coefficient = 0.91, p < 7.1e-07). There were no significant differences of age and gender distribution between normal and ADHD groups. No significant differences were found between TIVs from ASF method and manual tracing. Strong correlation between TIVs from 2 different methods were shown (r = 0.90, p < 2.2e-16). Conclusions The ASF method for TIV estimation by using FreeSurfer showed good agreement with the reference method. We can use the TIV from ASF method for correction in analysis of structural and functional neuroimaging studies with not only elderly subjects but also children, even with ADHD.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.901-925
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• 2014

The reliability of a Bridge management System depends on the quality of visual inspection and the reliable estimation of bridge condition rating. However, the current practices of visual inspection have been identified with several limitations, such as: they are time-consuming, provide incomplete information, and their reliance on inspectors' experience. To overcome such limitations, this paper presents an approach of automating the prediction of condition rating for bridges based on digital image analysis. The proposed methodology encompasses image acquisition, development of 3D visualization model, image processing, and condition rating model. Under this method, scaling defect in concrete bridge components is considered as a candidate defect and the guidelines in the Ontario Structure Inspection Manual (OSIM) have been adopted for developing and testing the proposed method. The automated algorithms for scaling depth prediction and mapping of condition ratings are based on training of back propagation neural networks. The result of developed models showed better prediction capability of condition rating over the existing methods such as, Naïve Bayes Classifiers and Bagged Decision Tree.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2013

Purpose: The present study aimed to measure root surface roughness in teeth with periodontitis by a profilometer following root planning with ultrasonic and hand instruments with and without erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation. Methods: Sixty single-rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were collected. The crowns and apices of the roots were cut off using a diamond bur and water coolant. The specimens were mounted in an acrylic resin block such that a plain root surface was accessible. After primary evaluation and setting a baseline, the samples were divided into 4 groups. In group 1, the samples were root planned using a manual curette. The group 2 samples were prepared with an ultrasonic scaler. In group 3, after scaling with hand instrumentation, the roots were treated with a Smart 1240D plus Er:YAG laser and in group 4, the roots were prepared with ultrasonic scaler and subsequently treated with an Er:YAG laser. Root surface roughness was then measured by a profilometer (MahrSurf M300+RD18C system) under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and 41% humidity. The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and a t-test (P<0.05). Results: Significant differences were detected in terms of surface roughness and surface distortion before and after treatment. The average reduction of the surface roughness after treatment in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 1.89, 1.88, 1.40, and 1.52, respectively. These findings revealed no significant differences among the four groups. Conclusions: An Er:YAG laser as an adjunct to traditional scaling and root planning reduces root surface roughness. However, the surface ultrastructure is more irregular than when using conventional methods.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.475-484
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• 2003

Many tooth cleansing instruments and agents have been developed for removal of plaque, inhibition of plaque formation and reduction of gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque control effect and the therapeutic effect of newly developed tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)). 40 healthy subjects with gingivitis or early periodontitis were divided into two groups. Subjects in control group only used manual tooth brushing and in experimental group used manual tooth brush and additive tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)). Additive tooth cleansing instrument was used once a week. At baseline scaling and tooth brushing instruction was performed. Probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, gingival index were scored at baseline, 2weeks, 4weeks. Probing depth of control and experimental group were significantly reduced at 2 weeks, 4weeks, hut there were no differences between two groups(P<(0.05). Bleeding on probing, plaque index and gingival index of control and experimental group were significantly reduced at 2weeks and 4weeks and there was significantly more reduction in the experimental group than the experimental group than the control group(p<(0.05). From these finding. it can be conclude that newly developed tooth cleansing instrument(Belloblanco(R)) are effective on the removal of plaque and the reduction of gingival inflammation

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.177-178
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• 2006

Many authors issued the feature-preserving averaging technique according to positioning and scaling process using landmarks, which represent the geometric characteristics of three dimensional surface models. Such a technique should be done by manual procedure, choosing and marking the landmarks on each bone surface before averaging process. In this study, we produced another averaging technique without having to use such manual procedure, and made averaging models from three dimensional surface data that were reconstructed from computerized tomography images of Digital Korean Project. The bone models were subjected to orthogonal coordinator system. These models were transformed to coincide mass center and to align principal axis. Then, bone models were scaled according to average length data of sample bone models on all axis(x, y, z). After establishing voxellar hexahedron space which contain all sample bone models, we counted the number of overlapping for each voxel. We generated the three dimensional average surface by displaying the yokels that have more overlapping number than boundary number. The boundary number was decided when the average volume of each bone equal to the volume of bone that would be averaged. Using this technique, we can make a feature-preserving averaging volume of bones.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

This paper presents an intelligent pattern matching method that can be used to acquire the reliable calibration data for automatic PCB pattern inspection. The inaccurate calibration data is often acquired by geometric pattern variations and selecting an inappropriate model manual. It makes low the confidence of inspection and also the inspection processing time has been delayed. In this paper, the geometric features of PCB patterns are utilized to calculate the accurate calibration data. An appropriate model is selected automatically based on the geometric features, and then the calibration data to be invariant to the geometric variations(translation, rotation, scaling) is calculated. The method can save the inspection time unnecessary by eliminating the need for manual model selection. As the result, it makes a fast, accurate and reliable inspection of PCB patterns.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2024

In this study, we developed control system for stable teleoperation of supermicrosurgical robot platform. The supermicrosurgical robot platform is designed to perform precise anastomosis with micro vessels ranging from 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm. The robotic assistance could help more precise manipulation then manual surgery with the help of motion scaling and tremor filtering. However, since the robotic system could cause several vulnerabilities, control system for stable teleoperation should be preceded. Therefore, we first designed control system including inverse kinematics solver, clutch error interpolator and finite state machine. The inverse kinematics solver was designed to minimized inertial motion of the manipulator and tested by applying orientational motion. To make robot slowly converges to the leader's orientation when orientational error was occurred during clutch, the SLERP was used to interpolate the error. Since synchronized behavior of two manipulators and independent behavior of manipulator both exist, two layered finite state machines were designed. Finally, the control system was evaluated by experiment and showed intended behavior, while maintaining low pose error.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2009

Recently, lots of the research aspects of space, materials, structure, construction method relation to improving the flexibility going on throughout the construction industry, moreover the development of construction key technology has been accelerating by reason of deterioration in the apartment housing. Therefore, this study should firstly suggests assessment list of construction key technology through investigation of questionnaire and consultation of the expert on the basis of case studies, and should select it about the flexibility which making social issues lastly in the apartment housing. Secondly, this study should classify, reestablish core technology through inspection procedure of feasibility study among lists of deduced key technology. Finally, this study will suggest the manual & guideline for improving the flexibility for a long-life apartment housing at the next generation by selecting, analyzing and estimating higher score items of all key technology.