• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.374-385
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• 1995

Nutritional requirements and cultural conditions for the production of extracellular gelatin-degrading proteolytic enzyme by Bacillus subtilis B0021 were investigated. Optimum carbon source for proteolytic enzyme production was salicin, but it was substituted by glucose for economical reason. The fermentation medium giving a maximum proteolytic enzyme activity was consisted of 1.5%(w/v) glucose, 2.5%(w/v) yeast extract, and 0.001%(w/v) manganese sulfate and 0.002%(w/v) ferrous sulfate. Proteolytic enzyme activity of B. subtilis B0021 was completely inhibited by 0.5%(w/v) tannic acid. Initial pH was optimal at 7.0 and the enzyme activity in the flask culture usually reached a maximal level after 36 hours of fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$. In the $5\ell$ fermentor fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$, enzyme activity was maximum at 36 hour of cultivation but after this enzyme activity was decreased rapidly. Initial viscosity of 45%(w/v) gelatin(2,800mPas) was decreased rapidly to 96%(mPas) after hydrolysis for 4hr at $40^{\circ}C$ by crude enzyme of B. subtilis B0021.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to mature newly reclaimed upland and to increase soybean yield at this upland, Kim Jae, Jeon Buk, Koera from 1987 to 1988. Lime, lime-magnesium and calcium sulfate were applied with two, levels, amount of lime requirement, and 1.5 times of lime requirement. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The yields of soybean among treaments were in order of lime-magnesium 1.5 times, lime 1.5 times, lime-magnesium, calcium sulfate, lime and control with significancy at 1% level. 2. Correlations between yield components and inorganic element contents (T-N, $P_2O_5$, CaO and MgO) in plant at flowering stage were positive, but manganese in plant was negative at 5%, respectively. 3. Correlations, between yields and MgO and CaO contents in plant at flowering stage were positive, but Mn in plant was negative at 5% respectively. 4. Inorganic element contents of the soils at flowering stage were higher than those of before experiment. Correlation between yield and base saturation degree in soil at flowering stage was positive at 5%.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 1997

Temporal and spatial comparisons of acid mine drainage contaminated waters are difficult because of the complex physico-chemical nature of the pollutant. In the present study, an acid mine drainage index has been developed and evaluated for the assessment of surface waters. AMD index is calculated using a modified arithmetic weighted index using seven parameters which are most indicative of AMD contamination, i. e. pH value, sulphate, iron, zinc, aluminum, copper and manganese. Weighting is used to express the relative indicator value of each parameter. The proposed AMD index is used to quantify contamination from acid mine drainage over ten different old mine sites and assess the degree of impact on surface on surface waters. As a result of AMD evaluation, the Sukbong Mine located near the Moonkyung province showed lowest AMD value indicating the worst acid mine drainage quality. In overall, Youngdong mine sites showed higher contaimination compared to the other mine sites including Youngsuh, Choongbu, Suhbu and Nambu area.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2010

Removal and mineralization of dissolved uranium by bacteria in KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) was investigated. Two different bacteria, IRB (iron-reducing bacteria) and SRB (sulfate-reducing bacteria) was used, and minerals formed by these bacteria were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared to uranyl ions, ferric ions were preferentially reduced by IRB, showing that there is no significant reduction and removal of uranium. However, uranium concentration considerably decreased by addition of Mn(II). Results show that a sulfide mineral such as mackinawite (FeS) is formed by SRB respiration through combination of Fe(II) and S without manganese sulfide formation. In the presence of Mn(II), however, uranium is removed effectively, suggesting that the sorption and incorporation of uranium could be affected by Mn(II) onto the sulide minerals.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1970

In previous paper, it was reported that antibiotic substance such as tetracycline and streptomycin were produced by S'. albus subsp. and S'. globosus. And increase of mycelial growth of two strains, antibiotic production, and changes of pH range are extended to approximately 110-130 hrs in fermenting medium, there-after they decreased with culture period exception of pH range. Two Streptomyces spp. required commonly 4-5% starch as carbon sources and 1.5-2.0% soybean meal as nitrogen sources. However, 0.005-0.01M potassium phosphate dibasic, calcium carbonate (6mg/ml in S.albus subsp. and 2mg/ml in S. globosus), 0.01-0.03M, magnesium sulgate and 0.01M ferric chloride showed as optimal concentration for the growth of 2 strains. Mineral compoments such as zinc, manganese, cobalt, sodium and copper at the level of 10$^{-4}$ -10$^{-6}$ M were observed. Especially, zinc ion showed toxicity to the growth of 2 strains at 0.005M. In relation with pH, there is a little difference in mycelial growth with cultural initial pH.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 1984

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of rice straw on microflora in relation to the decomposition of organic matter, and the rate of rice straw decomposition. The number of total bacteria was increased in the first stage, and the number of microorganisms in upper layer was generally larger than lower layer. The number of fungi tended to decline as rice plant grew. Aerobacter among cellulose decomposition bacteria decreased with time, and the number of microorganisms in lower layer was higher than upper layer. The number of glucose decomposition bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria increased in the submerged soil to which rice straw was applied, but decreased by percolation. the change of manganese oxidizing bacteria seemed not to be affected by rice straw application while they tend to increase as the rice plant grew. The aspect of microorganisms in the percolated water was same that of lower layer, but the number was low as much $10^{-1}$ during the whole stages. The decomposition rate of rice straw applied to submerged soil was about 40 per cent during the rice grew. The decomposition rate of cellulose contained rice straw was about 30 per cent, and lignin was about 60 per cent. The 70-80 per cent of nitrogen remained in the rice straw applied to soil.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.179-188
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• 2017

White-rot basidiomycetes are the organisms that decompose lignin most efficiently, and Trametes villosa is a promising species for ligninolytic enzyme production. There are several publications on T. villosa applications for lignin degradation regarding the expression and secretion of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) but no reports on the identification and characterization of lignin peroxidase (LiP), a relevant enzyme for the efficient breakdown of lignin. The object of this study was to identify and partially characterize, for the first time, gDNA, mRNA, and the corresponding lignin peroxidase (TvLiP) protein from T. villosa strain CCMB561 from the Brazilian semiarid region. The presence of ligninolytic enzymes produced by this strain grown in inducer media was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by spectrophotometry, qPCR, and dye fading using Remazol Brilliant Blue R. The spectrophotometric analysis showed that LiP activity was higher than that of MnP. The greatest LiP expression as measured by qPCR occurred on the $7^{th}$ day, and the ABSA medium (agar, sugarcane bagasse, and ammonium sulfate) was the best that favored LiP expression. The amplification of the TvLiP gene median region covering approximately 50% of the T. versicolor LPGIV gene (87% identity); the presence of Trp199, Leu115, Asp193, Trp199, and Ala203 in the translated amplicon of the T. villosa mRNA; and the close phylogenetic relationship between TvLiP and T. versicolor LiP all indicate that the target enzyme is a lignin peroxidase. Therefore, T. villosa CCMB561 has great potential for use as a LiP, MnP, and Lac producer for industrial applications.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2007

This study was conducted to understand the source and behavior of organic matter using the fluorescent technique (excitation-emission matrix) as a part of environmental monitoring program in the Korea manganese nodule mining site in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Water samples were collected at $0^{\circ},\;6^{\circ}N$, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$ in August 2005. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 58.01 to $171.93\;{\mu}M-C$. The vertical distribution of TOC was characterized as higher in the surface layer and decreased with depth. At $6^{\circ}N$, depth-integrated (from surface to 200 m depth) TOC was $337.1\;gC/m^2$, which was 1.4 times higher value than other stations. The exponential decay curve fit of vertical profile of TOC indicated that 59% of organic carbon produced by primary production in the surface layer could be decomposed by bacteria in the water column. Dissolved organic matter is generally classified into two distinctive groups based on their fluorescence characteristics using three-dimensional excitation/emission (Ex/Em) fluorescence mapping technique. One is known as biomacromolecule (BM; protein-like substance; showing max. at Ex 280/Em 330), mainly originated from biological metabolism. The other is geomacromolecule (GM; humic-like substance; showing max. at Ex 330/Em 430), mainly originated from microbial degradation processes. The concentration of BM and GM was from 0.42 to 7.29 TU (tryptophan unit) and from 0.06 to 1.81 QSU (quinine sulfate unit), respectively. The vertical distribution of BM was similar to that of TOC as high in the surface and decreased with depth. However, the vertical distribution of GM showed the reverse pattern of that of BM. From these results, it appeared that BM occupied a major part of TOC and was rapidly consumed by bacteria in the surface layer. GM was mainly transformed from BM by microbial processes and was a dominant component of TOC in the deep-sea layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.479-482
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• 1991

The medical use of Acer mono MAX. and Betula costata T. sap has had the long history in Korea. So the mineral and sugar contents of these sap gathered in Mt. Jiri area at spring were analyzed to investigate the scientific base of folk remedies by using ion liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The values of chlorine and sulfate in Acer mono MAX. were 11.5 mg/l and 176.7 mg/l, and in Betula costata T. 26.5 mg/l and 162.4 mg/l, respectively. The values of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in Acer mono MAX. were 67.9 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l, 73.8 mg/l and 4.5 mg/l, and in Betula costata T. were 152.1 mg/l, 9.7 mg/l, 39.2 mg/l and 5.7 mg/l, respectively. The values of copper, zinc and manganese in Acer mono MAX. were 0.057 mg/l, 0.483 mg/l and 5.071 mg/l, and copper, zinc, mangances and iron in Betula costata T. were 0.038 mg/l, 1.584 mg/l, 4.354 mg/l and 2.511 mg/l, respectively. The values of sucrose in Acer mono MAX. were 27.29 mg/l, glucose and fructose in Betula costata T. were 0.97 g/l and 3.05 g/l, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1969

The study on physico-chemical characteristics of the acid sulfate soil present in Kimhae plain was carried out with 28 surface and subsoils from lower and higher produtive area and two representative profile samples from the areas reclaimed a few decades ago and around 10 years ago respectively. 1. There are no differences in soil texture between lower and higher productive soils being mostly silty clay loam and silty clay. 2. Very significant differences in pH, degree of base saturation and extractable aluminium content are observed; lower pH, lower degree of base saturation and higher aluminium in the lower productive soils and subsoils. The pH and degree of base saturation of these soils are extremely low whereas aluminium content is very high compared to ordinary paddy soil. 3. Cation exchange capacity of these soils are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils. In higher productive soils, exchangeable calcium and magnesium are of same order, whereas in lower productive soils magnesium content is appreciably higher than calcium. 4. Though the soil is derived from marine and estuarine sediment, the soluble salt content is not high. There are only few lower productive surface soils and subsoils having Ec values of the saturation extracts higher than 4 mmhos but lower than 9 mmhos/cm. 5. Organic matter content of these soils is a bit higher compared to ordinary paddy soils, but, nitrogen content is comparatively low. C/N ratio of these soils is around 12. 6. Sulfur content is considerably higher but oxidizable sulfur is found to be very low. Total sulfur is generally high in subsoils and lower productive soils. 7. Active iron and available silica are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils but easily reducible manganese is very low. Almost no differences are also observed between lower and higher productive soils. 8. Available phosphorus content is extremely low in particular, regardless of higher or lower productive soils. 9. The two representative profiles from the area of earlier reclamation and recent one show that samples from earlier reclaimed area contain less amount of free acids, sulfur compounds, toxic aluminium and soluble salts etc. than the other. This indicate greater leaching and possible addition of lime for a longer period of time. 10. From the results obtained, it can be concluded the higher productivity of group I soils is due to the greater leaching and neutralisation of acidity by liming materials, It can also be concluded that the productivity of both types can be increased by addition of liming materials and improvement of drainage facilities.