• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.100-105
• /
• 2001

One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE) was used to determine whether it would provide improved resolving power of hordein proteins concomitant with improved identification of Korean barley cultivars and germplams. This system gave rapid and reproducible separations of hordein polypeptides. Total fourteen of clear and easily scorable subunits were identified in Korean barley cultivars and germplasms and their polymorphic constitutions could provide biochemical genetic information in progeny analysis and endosperm quality improvement in barley breeding programs. Each hordein polypeptides residing in B, C, and D hordein pattern designations were scored to prepare a cultivar catalogue of protein patterns. On the basis of this character, 7 hordein polypeptide patterns were constructed from 108 barley cultivars and experimental lines. The molecular weight of hordein subunits in Korean barley cultivars and experimental lines varied in the range of 98 to 48 kDa. In contrast, less polymorphic hordein polypeptides were found in the low protein barley lines including malting barleys than those found in Korean barley cultivars and experimental lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.43-58
• /
• 1980

The study was intended to know the responses of the nitrogen application levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15kg ai per $1O^a$) to grain yield and quality of two-malting barley, Golden melon and Hyang maek in 1980. There was investigated chlorophyll content, dry weight, heading, grain yield, yield components, contents of protein, fat and carbohydrate and activity of $\beta$-amylase and invertase. Nitrogen increment was effective to increase of number of grains per spike and number of spikes per unit area, increase of protein content and decrease of $\beta$-amylase activity, but it was not recognized the yield increase under the 12% protein content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1989

Ten cultivars of malting barley grown at four locations were malted and assayed for six enzymes involved in the degradation of nucleic acids. Among these enzymes were deoxyrinonuclease, ribonuclease, phosphodiesterase, 3'- and 5'- nucleotidases and phosphomonesterase. Activities of all enzymes in five-day malts were significantly affected by variety and location of growth. The average levels of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, 3'-nucleotidase and 5'-nucleotidase of 80 five-day malts were 11.2, 5.7, 5.6 and 1.2 units per gram of malt, respectively. Six-rowed barley malts contained higher levels of deoxyribonuclease, phosphodiesterase and 3'-nucleotidase than those of two-rowed barley malts, while two-rowed barley malts contained significantly higher ribonuclease levels than those of six-rowed barley malts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1421-1426
• /
• 1999

Sixteen domestic barley varieties and subsequently produced malts were evaluated for quality characteristics. Diastatic power(DP), complementary actions of amylases in malt, had a wide $variation(139{\sim}220^{\circ}L)$ among the barley varieties. Some 6-row barley varieties demonstrated significantly high DP values. ${\beta}-\;and\;{\alpha}-amylase$ activities in malts were also significantly influenced by barley varieties. Diastatic power was highly correlated with ${\beta}-amylase$ activity, indicating that the ${\beta}-amylase$ activity was a predominant factor determining saccharifying action in malt. Amylograph was used to indirectly estimate starch-degrading enzymatic activity, and the reduction in amylograph viscosity was associated with ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity. Barley quality factors in relation to enzymatic activity of malt were analyzed, and the barley variety with lower kernel weight and less plumper kernels tended to produce higher starch-degrading enzyme activity. Potential diastatic power, an estimate of bound ${\beta}-amylase$ in raw barley, was associated with diastatic power in the final malt. Potential diastatic power turned out to be an important factor for predicting good malting barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.152-156
• /
• 1984

Germination and emergence of 16 barley cultivars bred in Korea were studied under different low temperature conditions in laboratory at Suweon. This study revealed that the barley cultivars differed markedly in their germination rate index (GRI), emergence rate index (ERI), and dry matter weight. The seeds of Baekdong, Namhaebori, Gangbori and Buheung germinated better than others in $4^{\circ}C$ plot. Yeongsanbori, Kwangseong and Baekdong had very poor ERI values, but Buhobori, Namhaebori, Oweolbori, Albori and malting barley, Sacheon 6 had very good ERI values. Germination rate index were not correlated with emergence rate index under any temperature conditions. The correlation coefficient between ERI of $4^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$ plots was very high. Those results showed that for screening the varieties or lines with good emergence capacity under low temperature conditions ERI, FS and dry matter weight would be available.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2010

Viral diseases, especially Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) have been most serious in barley fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of different level of resistance to viral diseases on the plant growth and yield in malting barley. In diagnosis of virus infection, BaYMV and BaMMV were detected in 'Doosan 29' (susceptible), however, 'Jinyangbori' (moderate susceptible) and 'Hopumbori' (moderate) was infected by only BaYMV. Plant height was restrained about 8~29% in overwintered plant regeneration stage depending on the resistant of each cultivar. The culm length damaged also to 9~12% by BaYMV infection. The tiller numbers reduced to 10~14% in overwintering season, however, the head numbers in harvest season more decreased to 26~33%. Heading date was delayed to 3~3 days by the infection. In examination of yield components, 1,000 kernel weight and $\ell$ weight reduced according to culrivar's resistant degrees to 4.0~6.4% and 1.0~4.2%, respectively. The yield of abortive grain was doubled in BaYMV infection comparing to non-infested field. Three varieties tested in the non-infected field over two years were not significantly different for yield potential with ranges of 509kg~632kg/10a. However, significant yield reduction was observed in 'Saessalbori' and 'Baegdong' with ranges of 77~177kg/10a as compared to 'Hopumbori' (467 kg/10a) when tested in the virus-infected field. Yield potentials of these cultivars reduced by 26~43%, respectively, in the virus-infected field as compared to those in the non-infected field.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.67 no.2
• /
• pp.95-110
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which climate change is expanding areas in which barley can be successfully cultivated. In 2019 and 2020, we collected data on areas that had requested certified seeds from the Korea Seed and Variety Service to determine potential cultivation areas. In addition, we surveyed the growth and yield of different types of barley in fields. Certified seeds of hulled and dehulled barley were requested by farmers across Korea from the Korea Seed and Variety Service in both years. Areas that were provided with certified seeds were considered potential barley cultivation areas. The varieties and use rates of certified seeds varied based on the barley type and region. For example, certified seeds of dehulled barley in 2019 and 2020 were not used in some areas, whereas in others, these seeds constituted 100% of the seeds sown for barley crops. In 2019 and 2020, the average sowing days in Korea were from October 17 to November 9 for dehulled barley, October 26 to November 13 for hulled barley, October 19 to November 5 for malting barley, and October 3 to November 1 for naked oats. Thus, the sowing days of the barley types varied depending on the area and year they were used. For example, in the case of hulled barley in Jeonnam, some farmers sowed until December 12. The yield per 10 a of barley cultivation was typically higher in the main production areas than in the cultivation limit areas. In extreme cases, harvest was impossible in some cultivation limited areas, such as Gangwon-do. Based on the current 20-year January minimum average temperature (JMAT) in Korea (2002-2021), climate change scenarios suggest that barley cultivation is feasible, provided that the minimum temperature in January is no lower than -10℃, -8℃, and -4℃ for hulled barley, dehulled barley, and for malting barley and naked oats, respectively. Additionally, cultivation of barley across South Korea seems feasible based on data on certified barley seeds by area. Although both JMAT and certified seed data suggest that barley cultivation across Korea is feasible, our survey results of barley growth and yield showed that harvest was impossible in certain cultivation areas, such as Gangwon-do. Therefore, climate change scenarios related to the cultivation limits of different barley types need to be re-estimated by factoring in survey data on the growth and yield of crops within those cultivation areas.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.7
• /
• pp.965-973
• /
• 2011

Our objective was to determine the differences in the rate and extent of dry matter digestion between barley subjected to differing agronomic variables. Two malting barley varieties, Copeland and Metcalfe were seeded at rates of 200 and 400 plants/$m^2$. Each of these varieties received nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha, resulting in a total of 20 different barley grain samples. Samples were ground through a 6mm screen and approximately 3 g of each weighed into 50 ${\mu}m$ Dacron bags and sealed. The bags were incubated in three ruminally cannulated Holstein cattle for periods of 0, 3, 6 and 24 h. Using the data obtained from these incubations, rates of digestion were able to be predicted. The soluble fraction ranged from 0.229-0.327, the slowly degradable fraction ranged from 0.461-0.656, and the undegradable fraction ranged from 0.038-0.299. The rates of digestion ranged from 0.127-0.165 $h^{-1}$ and the effective degradability ranged from 0.527-0.757. At the Canora location, the Copeland samples which received 120 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer had a significantly lower (p = 0.013) soluble fraction than the rest of the samples at that location. A significant interaction (p = 0.009) was seen between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application with samples from the Canora location, as well as significant differences (p = 0.029) between nitrogen application rates in samples from the Indian head location. The rate of digestion of samples from the Indian head location differed (p = 0.020) between the two seeding rates, with samples seeded at 200 seed/$m^2$ having a slightly higher rate of degradation. Differences in the effective degradability were seen between the different nitrogen application rates with samples from both the Canora and Indian head locations, as well as an (p = 0.004) interaction between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Although there was not a clear correlation between the different variables, both nitrogen application and seeding rate did have a significant effect on the rates and extent of digestion across each of the four locations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 1970

The amylase was0 incubated in a 9mm hole on the starch agar gel plate bored with a cork borer. When 0.1N-iodine solution sprayed on the plate, the formed uncolored zone were observed. An activity of amylase has been determined by measurement of diameter of the uncolored zone. We named this method 'cork borer method'. When amylase was incubated on the starch agar gel plate, the following points were obtained. 1) The optimum pH for the formation of the zone in case of amylases(Biotex, Spitase) which produced by Bacillus is neutrality and alkali, while that for Glucoamylase, Biodiase, and Mucorrennin which produced by Rhizopus and Mucor is from 5 to 7. 2) The diameter of the zone was increased by the incubation time and amylase activity. 3) The zone was easily formed at low level of starch concentration and was formed much bigger than at $50^{\circ}C\;than\;at\;10^{\circ}C$. From the above results, after malting the starch agar gel plate, keeping constant concentration of the starch, the measurement of amylase activity is in efficiency upon the constant reaction time and temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 1997

Sporulation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been regarded as an important model of cellular development and differentiation. S. pombe cells proliferate by mitosis and binary fission on growth medium. Deprivation of nutrients especially nitrogen sources, causes the cessation of mitosis and initiates sexual reproduction by malting between two sexually compatible cell types. Meiosis is then followed in a diploid cell in the absence of nitrogen source. DNA fragment complemented with the mutations of sporulation gene was isolated from the S. pombe gene library constructed in the vector, pDB 248' and designated as pDB (spo 5)1. We futher analyzed six recombinant plasmids, pDB (spo 5)2, pDB(spo 5)3, pDB(spo 5)4, pDB(spo 5)5, pDB(spo 5)6, pDB(spo 5)7, and found each plasmids is able to rescue the spo 5-2, spo 5-3, spo 5-4, spo 5-5, spo 5-6, spo 5-7, mutations, respectively. Mapping of the integrated plasmid into the homologous site of the S. pombe chromosomes demonstrated that pDB (spo 5)1, and pDB (spo 5)R1 contained the spo 5 gene. Transcipts of spo 5 gene were analyzed by Northern hybridization. Two transcripts of 3.2 kb and 25 kb were detected with 5 kb Hind III fragment containing a part of the spo 5 gene as a probe. The small mRNA (2.5 kb) appeared only when a wild-type strain was cultured in the absence of nitrogen source in which condition the large mRNA (3.2 kb) was produced constitutively. Appearance of a 2.5 kb spo 5-mRNA depends upon the function of the mei1, mei2 and mei3 genes.