• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.260-271
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• 2002

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify basic health needs of adult clients to develop a community nursing center model in Seoul. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire survey from 894 adults registered at a public health center who were health management members, and visiting 4 community nursing centers, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee during the period from July 1999 to January 2000. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentile, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: 1) The University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee School of Nursing has a long tradition of developing 4 community nursing centers with innovative health care programs. CNCs integrate the ability to implement and test effective intervention strategies with education, research, and practices of nursing students and faculty. They were designed to enhance the health status and quality of life for urban communities through the development of productive, outcome focused, collaborative partnerships among UWM-Nursing faculties and staff, other health and human service providers, consumers, and policy makers. It links the financial resources between UWM and 9 voluntary agencies and 12 public funding organizations including federal. state, and local governments. 2) Of the total health management members, 37.4% were reported to have at least one type of chronic disease such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. Ten percent of them reported having obesity, and 44.2% reported lack of exercise. The health status of the subjects was within normal range in laboratory tests. However, female subjects showed more significant differences in obesity and cholesterol levels than male subjects. The subjects, who were in their 50s, showed more significant differences in obesity, SGOT, SGPT, and cholesterol levels than the subjects in other age groups. Conclusion: A community nursing center needs to be developed, that has a link between the nursing college and the public health center, with partnerships and a multidisciplinary approach. Based on the study results, exercise programs for middle aged adults are considered necessary. In particular, specific exercise programs for pre-menopausal women needs to be implemented in the future to prevent them from developing osteoporosis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.184-194
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• 2014

Objective: To evaluate the relative importance of bilabial prominence in relation to other facial profile parameters in a normal population. Methods: Profile stimulus images of 38 individuals (28 female and 10 male; ages 19-25 years) were shown to an unrelated group of first-year students (n = 42; ages 18-24 years). The images were individually viewed on a 17-inch monitor. The observers received standardized instructions before viewing. A six-question questionnaire was completed using a Likert-type scale. The responses were analyzed by ordered logistic regression to identify associations between profile characteristics and observer preferences. The Bayesian Information Criterion was used to select variables that explained observer preferences most accurately. Results: Nasal, bilabial, and chin prominences; the nasofrontal angle; and lip curls had the greatest effect on overall profile attractiveness perceptions. The lip-chin-throat angle and upper lip curl had the greatest effect on forehead prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle (particularly the lower component), and mentolabial angle had the greatest effect on nasal prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle, chin prominence, and submental length had the greatest effect on lip prominence perceptions. The bilabial prominence, nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, and submental length had the greatest effect on chin prominence perceptions. Conclusions: More prominent lips, within normal limits, may be considered more attractive in the profile view. Profile parameters have a greater influence on their neighboring aesthetic units but indirectly influence related profile parameters, endorsing the importance of achieving an aesthetic balance between relative prominences of all aesthetic units of the facial profile.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.459-466
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• 2017

Objective: This study examined two traffic signals with a countdown indicator in terms of driver's reaction time and subjective satisfaction score and their performance was compared with a standard traffic signal in driving simulation. Background: Dilemma zone is created when a traffic light changes at intersections. It often pushes drivers to rush in urgent and premature decision making whether to go or stop and thus induces unnecessary mental load among drivers, which may lead to sudden conflicts with following vehicles at intersections. Method: Forty college students (male: 20, female: 20) participated in this driving simulation study. Three traffic signals were employed: (1) standard traffic signal; (2) countdown-separated signal; and (3) countdown-overlaid signal. The countdown-separated and countdown-overlaid signals were designed to inform drivers of the remaining time of a green light before tuning to an amber light. Reaction times (sec) and satisfaction scores (7-point scale) for the two signals with a countdown indicator were compared with those for the standard traffic signal. Results: Reaction times of the countdown-separated (0.49 sec) and countdown-overlaid (0.43 sec) signals were significantly shorter than that of the standard signal (0.67 sec). Satisfaction scores of the countdown-separated (5.3 point) and countdown-overlaid (5.6 point) signals were greater than that of the standard signal (3.8 point). Lastly, the countdown-overlaid signal showed better performance than the countdown-separated signal, but their differences in reaction time (0.06 sec) and satisfaction score (0.3 point) were small. Conclusion: Traffic signals with a countdown indicator can improve drivers' reaction time and satisfaction score than the standard traffic signal. Application: Traffic signals with a countdown indicator will be useful for reducing the length of dilemma zone at intersections, by allowing drivers to predict the remaining time of a green light.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

Objectives: To determine the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Questionnaire (MMPI-2 scales). Methods: The 2D:4D ratio in 101 Korean medical students was measured. MMPI-2 test was performed. Results: In the unisex group, there were significantly positive correlations between the 2D:4D ratio and MMPI-2 scales of Hs, D, Pt, Sc, Si, RC1, RC2, RC8, INTR, ANX, OBS, HEA, BIZ, LSE, WRK, TRT, A, R, Mt, PK, and AAS while there were significantly negative correlations between the 2D:4D ratio and MMPI-2 scales of Es and Do. In the male group, there were significantly positive correlations between the 2D:4D ratio and MMPI-2 scales of Hs, RC1, RC8, HEA, and AAS while there were significantly negative correlations between the 2D:4D ratio and MMPI-2 scale of AGGR. In the female group, the 2D:4D ratio showed significantly positive correlations with MMPI-2 scales of Pt, Sc, Si, RC1, RC2, RC6, INTR, DEP, BIZ, LSE, WRK, A, Mt, PK, and Ho while it showed significantly negative correlations with MMPI-2 scale of Do. Conclusions: MMPI-2 scales are correlated with the 2D: 4D ratio. Therefore, 2D: 4D ratio could be used as an indicator to reflect multiphasic personality of individuals.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

This study was made to find out how stress affect on nutrition status of the college freshmen who were experiencing physical growth and development as well as drastic emotional change. 400 male and female freshmen in 4 year colleges were surveyed respectively through the health check-up procedure for college entrance in February, In order to find out the stress in each group frustration, deprivation, lack of self efficacy, type A behavior and anxiety response were surveyed through 10 questions with total 40 points by assigning 4 points for each question. Diet Status was expressed by DDS (Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS(Dietary Variety Score). 24-hrs recall method was used to find out the quantity of daily nutrient of EAR(estimated adquacy ratio) by KDRIs(Korean Dietary Recommended Intakes). Nutrition level was analyzed by Can-Pro for professionals (Korea Nutrition Association). And for the quality intake, percentage was calculated and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) were produced. Highest point was obtained in the stress of anxiety with the total 40 score of 30.20, and the scores were 29.79, 28.67, and 28.39 for deprivation, type A behavior and frustration respectively. There was no difference of blood components in accordance with stress type. Stress type was divided into less sensitive group and highly sensitive one and the relationship with the blood nutrient status was observed. The difference of blood component and blood pressure in sensitive and highly sensitive groups was observed in deprivation and anxiety. The index of blood pressure(p<0.05), hemoglobin(p<0.01), HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05), and Fe(p<0.05) was high in the deprivation of sensitive group. Blood pressure and hemoglobin was high in type A of sensitive group(p<0.05). And the contents of blood triglyceride was high in the anxiety of sensitive group(p<0.001) The result of nutrition intake analysis according to stress type showed that there was low intake for energy, riboflavin, and niacin. When the degree of deprivation was high there was a lack of riboflavin intake and there was no significant difference of nutrition intake in lack of self efficacy, type A behavior and anxiety response. Thus, it is necessary for colleges to educate the students to maintain mental stability through various programs and activities after catching a kind and extent of the stress college students we meeting with like the confusion of value system, open heterosexual relationship, and the employment difficulties linked with political uncertainty and economic recession.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.513-522
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• 2010

Objectives : This study aimed to determine self-esteem and oral health impact profile (OHIP) of orthodontic patients to get data necessary for the process of consultation, education, and treatment for those patients who hoped to get orthodontic therapy in order to see effects of orthodontic therapy on personal life in consideration of general characteristics of those patients under orthodontic therapy. methods : A self-administered questionnaire was used among 232 outpatients under orthodontic therapy from October to November 2009, obtaining the following results. Results : 1. As for general characteristics of respondents, those under 19 years of age constituted 46.6%; the unmarried comprised 85.8%; and students constituted 53.4%. 2. Most respondents were getting orthodontic therapy for beauty (41.8%) and dental health (40.5%). Family (54.3%) contributed to their decision to get orthodontic therapy; parents or siblings (62.5%) were bearing the treatment expenses. 3. Females were getting orthodontic therapy for an aesthetic purpose (50.3%), and male for the purpose of dental health (44.6%) (P<0.01). 4. OHIP was slightly higher among males ($4.10{\pm}0.61$) than among female ($4.00{\pm}0.78$), and was highest among those 19 years old and under ($4.17{\pm}0.67$); the older they were, the lower it was significantly (P<0.05). Most of them were earning 3 to 4 million won ($4.22{\pm}0.72$); the married ($4.05{\pm}0.74$) constituted higher percentage. As for occupation, students ($4.13{\pm}0.66$) comprised the highest percentage. 5. Self-esteem was higher among males ($3.83{\pm}0.47$) than among females ($3.80{\pm}0.50$), and was highest among those 25 to 29 years old ($3.92{\pm}0.46$). Most of them were earning more than 5 million won ($3.91{\pm}0.42$), which was statistically significant (P<0.01). The married ($3.91{\pm}0.54$) constituted higher percentage than the unmarried ($3.80{\pm}0.48$); office managers ($3.95{\pm}0.55$) comprised the highest percentage. 6. As for correlation between variables effecting OHIP of orthodontic patients, there was negative correlation in age (r=-0.225) and positive correlation in occupation (r=0.122). As for correlation between variables effecting self-esteem of orthodontic patients, there was negative correlation in occupation (r=-0.130) and positive correlation n income (0.126), while there was positive correlation (r=0.202) between OHIP and self-esteem of orthodontic patients. Conclusions : Younger orthodontic patients who were students showed higher OHIP, and professionals earning more showed higher self-esteem. Orthodontic patients with higher OHIP showed higher self-esteem. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a program based on OHIP and self-esteem in consulting and treating orthodontic patients; since it is considered that orthodontic therapy will improve appearance, enhance self-confidence, and have positive effects on interpersonal relationships and quality of living, researches are necessary on constant changes in psychological properties.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.75-92
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of the morphological diagram by Sasang Constitutions and compare with Huh's morphological diagram, a theory based on the Four Cho Theory(四焦設) by Lee Je-Ma. We classified the Sasang Constitutions of 104 Korean College Students(average age 23.81) using QSCC II. Before measuring of morphologic diagrams, we exert the subjects to take supine position on the bed, and make it a rule that our staffs mesure each people directly. The 50% of the total subjects was Soeumin, 26.9% was Soyangin and 23.1% was Taeumin, our study shows the higher percentage than the other studies in Soeumin. The results as follows ; In the cases of man, Taeumin have more developed Low-Middle Cho(the interval between stomach line and Navel line) than other constitutions, whereas Soeumin has more developed Low cho(the interval between Navel line and Ilium line). In the cases of woman, there is no significant difference of Huh's morphology diagram among three Sasang constitutions. We analyzed the difference of obesity among sasang constitutions, and we found that the BMI(Body Mass Index$(Kg/m^2)$) of Taeumin was significantly higher than other constitutions in male. But there was no significant difference among Sasang constitutions in female. We have not found the exact accordance between the real measurement and Huh's Theory. But for man, there are several statistically significant results, indicating the usefulness of the Huh's Morphological Diagramming theory on the discriminating ability of Sasang Constitutions Classificaton. So this results suggest that the use of the Huh's theory should be improved in the classification of the Sasang Constitutions, considering the difference of morphology by sex.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.157-171
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• 2001

The study was designed to provide the fundamental information for understanding discomfort of bone marrow donors and for promoting an individual comfort by comparing the difference on discomfort between unrelated donors and related donors. The subject of the study was fifty related donors and thirty unrelated donors who was in the C University Hospital. This survey had been carried out and collected from October, 1998 to March, 1999. The scale of discomfort of donors associated with bone marrow donation were assessed by the questionnaire deviced by Kim Sang Dol and amended by the researcher. Data was analyzed by $x^2-test$, t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows. 1. Considering the general characteristics of bone marrow donors according to gender, male was consisted of $60\%$ and female was consisted of $40\%$. Of those related donors are consisted for $62.5\%$ and accounted for $37.5\%$ of those unrelated donors. Considering the classification to the job, employee of company were major donors which was $35\%$, and next order was student, individual businessman, and housewife. Considering the education level. college students were $48.7\%$ and students who have less than high school level were $42.5\%$. 2. According to the above the results regarding discomfort of bone marrow donation, it is especially shown that the major cause for discomfort of bone marrow donors is on physical factor. The concrete examples for physical factor are pain in the region of bone marrow harvest and pain in the injection part by fluid therapy and blood-sampling, an immovability of the body after bone marrow harvest, and difficulties on walking. Considering physiological factor, there are an uneasiness about leading to injure their health, vague fear about the hospital. and a tedium at hospital. Environmental factors for discomfort of bone marrow donors are insufficient explanation for needle gauge and procedure of bone marrow donation and difficulty on following medical schedule. Therefore. it is necessary to establish more effective and systematically organized program for nursing intervention based on the research results. An effective program is only useful in getting rid of discomfort of bone marrow donors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 2005

Objects : We performed this study to investigate anger, anger coping, stress response, grade differences and gender differences in delinquent adolescents who were released with warning by police. Methods The subjects consisted of 285 delinquent adolescents who participated in the intervention program for preventing delinquency and 391 school students (male : 377, female : 299/middle school : 346, high school 330) in Seoul. STAXI-K and IES were used. Results : 1) The delinquent adolescent group had the higher scores of 'state anger', 'trait anger', 'total anger' than the student group. But the delinquent adolescent group had the lower scores of 'anger in', 'anger control' and 'stress response' than the student group. 2) The male delinquent adolescent group had the higher scores of 'anger control', 'stress response' than the female delinquent adolescent group. But there was no significant difference in anger. 3) The high school delinquent adolescent group had the higher scores of 'trait anger', 'anger control' than the middle school delinquent adolescent group. The high school adolescent group had the higher scores of 'stress response' than the middle school adolescent group. Conclusion : In anger, anger coping and stress response, the normal student group were different form the adolescent group who were released with warning by police committed. According to the grade and gender, differences were reported in this study. These characteristics can be more easily and more effectively applied to programs for the adolescent group who were released with warning by police committed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2012

To examine how usage of social network services(SNS) can affect users' satisfaction through their involvement to SNS. This study first explored the usage motives on the SNS by reviewing previous studies which are from the perspectives of usage and gratification theory. The structural equation modeling(SEM) approach was used to validate the model and Lisrel was used to analyze 306 data which were collected from college students who have SNS using experiences. The results showed that the motives of information seeking and self-expression have no significant influence on affective involvement to SNS and other hypotheses were all accepted. In order to investigate the relationship of usage motives-involvement-satisfaction between different genders, path analysis in male group and female group were done respectively. The results showed that in the case of male group, the motivation of information seeking, entertainment, and self-expression have positive effect on affective involvement, while only the entertainment motive can increase the cognitive involvement. In the case of female group, socializing motive and entertainment motive have positive effect on both affective involvement and cognitive involvement, but the information seeking motive and self-expression motive can not influence the formulation of emotion in SNS.