• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.451-457
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• 1998

This study was performed on the bases of clinical consideration about patient who has malaria. The symptoms of malaria are periodic alternating of chills and fever on everyone, two or three days. The patients feel a chill at the first time of malaria, and have a fever, headache and sweating at the next time. The long cycle of malarial fever such as every 2 or 3 days means that it takes a turn for the worse. In this study, oriental medicine was taken based on the oriental medicine principle such as Dalwonum(達原飮), Sosihotang(小柴胡湯) and Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), and the patients take a turn for the better. In the process of treatment if there is no fever in the expected date of the malarial fever, it is sure to have fever in the next expected date. It is favorable that patients lose the chills first and the fever lately in the process of treatment, and we can explain that supporting healthy energy to eliminate evil(扶正祛邪). The long cycle of malarial fever such as every 4, 6 or 9 days means that it is just before the recovery.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2006

The symptoms of malaria are periodic alternting of fever and chills on every one, two or three days. The patient has a fever at the first time of malaria, feels a chill, and has muscle pain at the next time. The long cycle of malarial fever such as every 2 or 3 days means that it takes a turn for the worse. In this study, oriental medicine was taken based on the oriental medicine principle such as Gagamcheongbi-tanggami(加減淸脾湯加味方), and the patient takes a turn for the better. The purpose of this paper is to report the patient with malarial fever, a chill and muscle pain who was improved dy oriental medical treatment.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.72-77
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• 1984

A case of congenital malaria infection has been studied in a 46-day old female Korean infant. Her mother suffered from malaria infection during pregnancy in Uppervolta, Africa, and returned to Korea at the 9th month of gestation for delivery. At 39 days of age, the clinical features characterized by fever, irritability, pallor, jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly were developed. The laboratory data revealed a hemolytic anemia with thronbocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia and increased hepatic enzyme values. A peripheral blood smear demonstrated intraerythrocytic malarial parasites and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. She was successfully treated with quinine solfate (25mg/kg/day in three doses for 5 days) and trimethoprimejsulfamethoxazole (8mg/kg/day in two doses for 5 days) orally, and repeated blood smear had been negative for malaria. This report also signifies the first description of congenital malaria in Korea imported from Uppervolta in Africa. A brief review of related literature was made.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1001-1034
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• 2008

This thesis is a study composed of eight chapters from 9. to 16. of the Maek Kyoung(脈經) Vol. VIII. ; the symptom & the pulse of Jaundice(黃疸), Malarial Disease(?疾). Carbuncle(癰腫) Intestines Carbuncle(腸癰), & c. It is as follows : Chapter 9 refers to the symptom, pulse, treatment and prognosis of Jaundice(黃疸) and Malarial Disease(?疾). Chapter 10 refers to the cause, symptom, pulse and treatment of Cardialgia(胸痺), Cardiagra(心痛) and Nephric Accumulation(賁豚). Chapter 11 refers to the symptom, pulse and treatment of Abdominal Fuliness(腹滿), Cold Mounting(寒疝) and Abiding Food(宿食). Chapter 12 refers to the symptom and pulse of Accumulation and Mass of the Five Viscera(五臟積聚). Chapter 13 refers to the cause, pathogenesis, symptom, pulse, treatment and prognosis of Terror and Palpitation due to Fright(驚悸), Hematemesis(吐血), Nasal Hemorrhage(?血), Metrorrhagia(下血) and Extravasated Blood(瘀血). Chapter 14 refers to the cause, pathogenesis, symptom, pulse and treatment of Vomiting(嘔吐), Hiccough(?) and Diarrhea(下利). Chapter 15 refers to the cause, pathogenesis, symptom, pulse and treatment of Atrophy of Lung(肺?), Pulmonary Abscess(肺癰), Lung-distention(咳逆上氣) and Phlegm(痰飮). Chapter 16 refers to the cause, pathogenesis, symptom, pulse. treatment and prognosis of Carbuncle(癰腫), Intestines Carbuncle(腸癰), Wound(金瘡) and Acute Eczema(侵淫瘡). There have been abundant investigations in China. But we couldn't find a clear result yet, and they were written in archaic texts and colloquial Chinese, therefore it is needed to be translated into Korean. And there was only one inaccurate translation with insufficient annotation. So I hope this study will be useful to develope Oriental Medical Diagnostics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.269-273
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• 2009

A 57-year old man who was admitted to an emergency room of a tertiary hospital with hemoptysis developed malarial fever 19 days later and then died from severe falciparum malaria 2 days later. He had not traveled outside of Korea for over 30 years. Through intensive interviews and epidemiological surveys, we found that a foreign patient with a recent history of travel to Africa was transferred to the same hospital with severe falciparum malaria. We confirmed through molecular genotyping of the MSP-1 gene that Plasmodium falciparum genotypes of the 2 patients were identical. It is suggested that a breach of standard infection control precautions resulted in this P. falciparum transmission between 2 patients in a hospital environment. This is the first report of a nosocomial transmission of falciparum malaria in Korea.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2003

목 적 : 말라리아는 국내에서 1970년대 말에 소멸된 것으로 알려져 있었으나, 1993년 비무장지대에 근무하던 군인에서 첫 환자가 발생한 이후, 지속적으로 증가되어 2000년에는 4,142명, 2001년에는 2,556명, 2002년에는 1,797명의 말라리아 환자가 보고되었다. 1999년부터는 민간인의 비율이 점차 증가되고 있고, 토착형 말라리아 환자가 늘어남에 따라 국내에 존재하는 매개숙주(중국 얼룩날개 모기)에 의해 주민간에 전파될 가능성도 높아진다. 저자들은 말초혈액 도말 검사 및 말라리아 항체 검사에서 말라리아로 확진된 소아 환자 13명을 조사하여 역학적 분석 및 임상적 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2003년 8월까지 일산백병원에 내원한 소아 환자 중 말초혈액 도말 검사 및 말라리아 항체 검사로 확진된 15세 이하의 소아 환자 13명에 대하여 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 13례 모두 토착형 말라리아 감염이었고, 원인 원충은 삼일열 말라리아(Plasmodium vivax)였다. 13례 중 남아와 여아의 비율은 9 : 4이었고, 발병 당시 평균 연령은 $9.5{\pm}3.6$세였다. 지역별로는 13례 중 9례가 일산 시내였으며, 11례의 발병 시기가 6~8월로 여름에 주로 발생했다. 13례 중 2례만이 3일 주기의 발작적인 발열을 보였고 나머지 11례는 지속적인 발열 및 불규칙한 발열 양상을 보였다. 혈소판 감소증은 가장 두드러진 소견으로 13례 중 12례에서 동반되었으며, 3례에서는 범혈구 감소증을 보였다. 신생아를 제외한 12례에서 hydroxychloroquine과 primaquine을 투약했고, 이후 시행한 혈액 도말 검사상 더 이상의 원충은 발견되지 않았고 혈액학적 이상 소견 역시 호전되었다. 결 론 : 저자들이 경험한 소아 말라리아 환아는 모두 Plasmodium vivax에 의해 발병되고 일부 환아는 유행외 지역에서 발병된 것으로 보아 이 원충에 의한 토착화의 확산을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 전형적 삼일열 말라리아의 발열 양상이 없다하여도 혈소판 감소증 소견이 동반된 발열 환아에서 이 질환을 의심하여야 하며 말라리아 항체 검사가 선별 검사로 유용한 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2017

Objectives: Artemisiae Annuae Herba is the dried aerial part of Artemisia annua L. (AAL). In Oriental medicine, Artemisiae Annuae Herba (AAH) is traditionally used to treat fever. AAH clears summerheat or damp-Heat, clears deficiency fevers, cools the blood and stops bleeding, stops malarial disorders and relieves heat, clears liver heat and brightens the eyes. Recently, there were many studies about effects of AAH on anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hair growth and plasma lipid composition. So, we expected AAH has an availability that can effect on skin whitening and elasticity. Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of AAH on skin whitening and elasticity in SK-MEL-2 cells. In this experiment, the effects of AAH on proliferation rates, melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activities and production levels of tyrosinase, MMP-1 and MMP-9 in vitro were examined. Results: AAH did not affect viability of SK-MEL-2 cells and inhibited melanin synthesis induced by ${\alpha}$-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) significantly. In addition, AAH also inhibited tyrosinase activity and lowered tyrosinase level in SK-MEL-2 cells. Finally, AAH inhibited productions of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Conclusions: These data suggest that AAH can be used to treat patients with skin diseases such as freckled face and also used as skin whitening agent.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.143-146
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• 1998

최근 primaquine으로 완치 (radicalcure)된 후에도 재발하는 삼일열 말라리아 보고가 많아지면 서 primaquine에 대한 내성 가능성이 언급되고 있다. 저자들은 해외여행 중에 감염된 삼일열 말라리아를 hydroxychloroquine과 primaquine으로 치료한 후 재발한 예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다. 35세 남자 환자가 내원 34일 전부터 15일간 인도 뭄바이와 중국 쉬천에 출장 다녀왔고 귀국 3일 후부터 고열이 발생하여 발열 17일째 본원에 입원하였다. 말초혈액 도말검사에 서 분열체 내의 분열소체의 수가 14개 이상 되고 세포질 형태가 불규칙적인 영양형이 보여 삼일열 말라리아로 진단한 후 hydrouychloroquine를 투여하고 열이 떨어진 후 primaquine (15 mg/일, 14일간)을 투여하였다. 치료 후 55일째까지 말라리아 재발의 증상이 없었고 말초혈액 도말에서도 말라리아 원충이 없음을 확인하였다. 6개월 후 다시 발열이 생기고 말초혈액 도말검사에서 분열소 체와 영양형이 보여 재발로 진단하였다 처음 입원 때와 같은 방법으로 치료하였고 현재까지 10개월간 경과 관찰 중이며 증상의 재발은 없었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.667-672
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• 2014

While imported falciparum malaria has been increasingly reported in recent years in Korea, clinicians have difficulties in making a clinical diagnosis as well as in having accessibility to effective anti-malarial agents. Here we describe an unusual case of imported falciparum malaria with severe hemolytic anemia lasting over 2 weeks, clinically mimicking a coinfection with babesiosis. A 48-year old Korean man was diagnosed with severe falciparum malaria in France after traveling to the Republic of Benin, West Africa. He received a 1-day course of intravenous artesunate and a 7-day course of Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) with supportive hemodialysis. Coming back to Korea 5 days after discharge, he was readmitted due to recurrent fever, and further treated with Malarone for 3 days. Both the peripheral blood smears and PCR test were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. However, he had prolonged severe hemolytic anemia (Hb 5.6 g/dl). Therefore, 10 days after the hospitalization, Babesia was considered to be potentially coinfected. A 7-day course of Malarone and azithromycin was empirically started. He became afebrile within 3 days of this babesiosis treatment, and hemolytic anemia profiles began to improve at the completion of the treatment. He has remained stable since his discharge. Unexpectedly, the PCR assays failed to detect DNA of Babesia spp. from blood. In addition, during the retrospective review of the case, the artesunate-induced delayed hemolytic anemia was considered as an alternative cause of the unexplained hemolytic anemia.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.507-512
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• 2021

Since 1993, vivax malaria has been recognized as a public health burden in Korea. Despite of pan-governmental malaria-control efforts and the dramatic reduction in the burden of this disease over the last 10 years, vivax malaria has not been well controlled and has remained continuously endemic. We focused interviewed and examined the charts of 28 confirmed vivax malaria patients given malarial therapy for whom daily records were kept from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do of Korea. Various epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, including the incubation period, medication used, and recurrence, and an evaluation of the parasitic characteristics from the focused interviews of patients from this region are described here. Most of the participants indicated the 3 most common symptoms of malaria (headache, chills and fever). Of the 28 cases, 2 experienced a second attack and there were 17 and 11 cases with short- and long-term incubation periods, respectively, yielding a short-term to long-term ratio of 1.5. Based on the parasitemia stages, most of the participants were tested at 5 to 7 days (11 cases) and 7 to 15 days (11 cases) after initial wave of asexual parasites. In conclusion, public health authorities should consider developing management measures to decrease the time lag for diagnosis and drafting unified and robust guidelines for drug use for malaria and drawing up unified and robust guidelines on the use of medication for malaria. It also suggests that routine monitoring, surveillance, and precise medical surveys in high-risk vivax malaria endemic areas are pivotal to controlling this persistent public disease and finally eliminating it from Korea.