• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 1996

Cultural conditions for mass production of the antagonistic bacteria, Bacillus subtills CAP134 against pathogens causing major airborne diseases to apple tree, effect of temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen source in the culture broth were investigated. The bacterial growth was most vigorous when the temperature and pH of the culture broth was 30~$35^{\circ}$C, and 7, respectively. As for carbon source, dextrose was best followed in order by dextrose(monosaccharides)>sucrose(disaccharides)$\geq$saccharose(di-saccharides)>starch (polysaccharides). Among different sugars, bacterial growth was favored by in the order of brown, black and white sugars, indicating that the bacterial growth might be promoted by the minor elements presented as impurities in the less purified sugars. As for nitrogen source, organic forms were better to bacterial growth than inorganic forms, that is polypeptone was best followed in order by soy sauce, soybeen milk and inoganic nitrogens. Differences in bacterial growth among different forms of inorganic nitrogen were negligible.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 1997

Cultural conditions for mass production of the antagonistic bacteria, Bacillus subtills CAP141 against pathogens causing major airborne diseases to apple trees, effects of temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen source in the culture broth were investigated. The bacterial growth was most vigorous when the temperature and pH of the culture broth was 30~35$^{\circ}$C and 7, respectively. As for carbon source, dextrose was best followed in order by dextrose(monosaccharide) > sucrose(disaccharide) $\geq$ saccharose (market disaccharides) > starch (polysaccharieds). Among different sugars, bacterial growth was favored by in the order of brown, black and white supars, indicating that the bacterial growth might be promoted by the minor elements presented as impurities in the less purified sugars. As for nitrogen source, organic forms were better to bacterial growth than inorganic forms, that is polypeptone was best followed in order by soy sauce, soybeen milk and inorganic nitrogens. Differences in bacterial growth among different forms of inorganic nitrogen were negligible.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2001

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus novo sp. A TCC 31121. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria and it is under evaluation for use in man. Teicoplanin mixture in fermentation broth contains major amounts of teicoplanin $A_1$ and $A_2$ and a minor amount tcicoplanin of $A_3$. Commercial teicoplanin product is composed of five major components of very similar polarity, designated T-$A_2$-l, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and the more polor component, designated T -$A_3$. The culture conditions were studied in order that hydrophilic teicoplanin $A_2$ components are more produced but hydrophobic teicoplanin $A_1$ with lower bioactivity are less produced in submerged culture. Effects of culture pH and nutrients on the biosynthes ratio of teicoplanin $A_1$ and $A_2$ were confirmed in flask culture using MOPS buffer system through TLC, bioautography and bioassay. It was elucidated that optimal pH is 7.4 for teicoplanin $A_2$ biosynthesis but is 5.2 for teicoplanin $A_1$ biosynthesis, and that trace elements stimulate $A_2$ production but malt extract stimulate $A_1$production.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 1994

Pleomorphic adenoma(benign mixed tumor) is the most common tumor of the major salivary glands, constituting approximately 70 per cent of benign tumors of these glands. The term mixed tumor was introduced in the nineteenth century to stress the dual origin of this neoplasm from epithelial and mesenchymal elements, and the designation pleomorphic adenoma is preferred because it emphasizes both the epithelial origin and the variety of histological patterns found in this common salivary gland lesion. Rauch, in a review of 4245 pleomorphic adenomas, found 92.5 per cent in the major salivary glands and 6.5 per cent in the minor salivary glands, 8 per cent arose in the submandibular glands, and in another large series of over 6,000 cases, approximately 4 per cent arose in the hard and soft palates with equal frequency in each. The prognosis of pleomorphic adenoma depends more upon the choice and adequacy of treatment than upon histological appearances. The accepted treatment for this tumor is excision. With adequate surgery recurrence rates of less than 1 per cent can be obtained. In this hospital, I experienced two patients who were identified PMA which occurred in the hard palate and submandibular gland. The lesions were successfully treated by surgery.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2017

Medium compositions for the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 was statistically optimized to enhance formate-driven hydrogen ($H_2$) production by using response surface methodology. From the Plackett-Burman design-based experiment, it was confirmed that among the minor components of medium such as KCl, $MgSO_4$, $NH_4Cl$, Cystein-HCl, trace elements, Fe-EDTA and $CaCl_2$, the trace elements were screened as the only positively effective components with respect to $H_2$ production. Subsequently, the optimal concentrations of the trace elements and the major components of a medium such as NaCl, yeast extract and sodium formate were determined from the five-level central composite design (CCD)-based experiment. The resulting quadratic model predicted the maximum $H_2$ production of 46.6 mmol/L in serum bottle and it was validated experimentally using the optimal medium initially supplemented with 26.70 g/L of NaCl, 9.81 g/L of sodium formate, 3.50 g/L of yeast extract and 4.59 mL/L of trace elements. From the duplicate batch cultivations in the fermentor using the optimized medium, the a maximum $H_2$ production rate up to 71.8 mmol/L/h could be obtained, which was a 65% enhanced value compared with that obtained using the control medium, showing the high efficiency of the optimized medium.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 2003

We collected the samples of stream sediments from primary channels in order to establish natural background of major and minor elements for geologic units in the Gurye area. Stream sediments samples having no possibility of contamination effect and representing drainage basins composed of uniform geology, were collected from April to May in 1999, the chemical analysis of which was carried out. The tolerable level was used to investigate the enrichment degree of harmful elements. The contents of Ni and Cr exceeded the tolerance level in some sections. The tolerance level excess of those elements was regarded as the effect of the metamorphic rock which constituted the bed rock of the area. In order to identify the comprehensive enrichment pattern, the tolerable level was used in calculating the enrichment index. The enrichment index of harmful heavy metals showed that Granite gneiss area is 0.39, Porphyroblastic granite gneiss area 0.32, Biotite gneiss area 0.42, Migmatitic gneiss area 0.41, Tuff area 0.30, Andesite area 0.46, Conglomerate area 0.42, and Granite area 0.26. Those results showed that natural background of Gurye area had not been exposed to harmful heavy metal elements.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1998

The volcanic piles in the northern Yucheon Minor Basin area are the Hagbong basaltic rocks, the Chaeyaksan basaltic rocks, the Jusasan andesitic rocks, the Unmunsa rhyolitic rocks, and the Tertiary voicanics. Stratigraphically, from the lowermost, (1) the Hagbong basaltic rocks are composed mainly of basaltic tuff with two olivine basalt flows intercalated, (2) the Chaeyagsan basaltic rocks are predominantly in tuffs and agglomerate with 3 basaltic flow interlayers, (3) the Jusasan andesitic rocks consist of thick piles of alternated sequences of 4 andesite flows and 5 andesitic tuffs and tuffaceous sediments and (4) the Unmunsa rhyolitic rocks which embed some rhyolite and obsidian are dominant in tuffs such as ash flow and crystal welded tuff. These volcanics reveal distinguishable characteristics in petrochemistry. In discriminating by major elements, the Hagbong and the Chaeyagsan basaltic rocks are alkaline, whereas the latter is also spilitic. In comparison, the volcanic rocks of the Jusasan andesitic rocks and the Tertiary sequences are characteristically calc-alkaline although their distribution is spatially separated. On the other hand, the variations in immobile trace elements indicate that the Hagbong basaltic rocks range from alkaline to calc-alkaline and from WPB/VAB transition to VAB, whereas the Chaeyagsan basaltic rocks are calc-alkaline WPB/VAB transition type and the two others calc-alkaline VAB. In order to show such a variety in their rock series of the volcanic rocks, the environment during their magma generation, magma rising, and post-eruption alteration could be positively considered.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.147-163
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• 2000

The mineralogy and chemical composition of reddish to brownish yellow residual soils, so called "Hwangto" have been examined according to representative host rocks. The result of the study indicates that Hwangto consists of 40-80% clay minerals and various minerals such as quartz, feldspar, hornblende, goethite, and gibbsite. Clay minerals include kaolinite, halloysite, illite, hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV), mica/vermiculite interstratifield mineral and chlorite. The mineralogical constituents and contents of Hwangto were different depending on the types of host rocks. Moreover, the Jurassic granitic rocks contain relatively more kaolin minerals, whereas the Cretaceous granitic rocks contain more HIV and illite. In addition, reddish Hwangto contains relatively more kaolinite and HIV, and yellowish Hwangto contains more illite and halloysite. It is suggested that feldspars and micas of host rocks were chemically weathered into illite, halloysite, illite/vermiculite interstratified minerals, and HIV, and finally into kaolinite. Compared with their host rocks, the major chemical compositions of Hwangto tend to contain more $Al_2O_3,\;Fe_2O_3,\;H_2O$ in amount and less Ca, Mg, and Na. Hwangto contains relatively high amount of trace elements, P, S, Zr, Sr, Ba, Rb, and Ce including considerable amount of Li, V, Cr, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Nb, La, Nd, Pb, Th in excess of 10 ppm. Relatively high amount of most trace elements were detected in the Hwangto. The major and minor chemical compositions of the Hwangto were different depending on the types of host rocks. However, their difference was in the similar range compared with the compositions of host rocks.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-222
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• 1997

The Hoenam area, up the Taecheong lake, composed mainly of low grade coal-bearing metapelites within the Ogcheon Supergroup. These coal formations are developed discontinuously several hundred meters and swelling from 10 to 300 cm along the host metapelites. Although the formations have been mined for coal, but already mined out, and the formations were higher content (mean value of 42 samples) of environmental toxic elements as As (13 ppm). Ba (1.81 wt. %), Cd (2 ppm), Cr (188 ppm), Cu (87 ppm), Mo (214 ppm), Pb (25 ppm), Sb (3 ppm), Se (12 ppm), U (55 ppm), V (2124 ppm) and Zn (234 ppm) than the host metapelites and the NASC. The Al, Ti, Mg, K and Na contents in stream sediments derived from the Hando and Bugook mine area were highly concentrations than the samples from the Samseongjeil mine area. The mean value (wt. %) of Fe (10.07), Mn (0.15), Ca (0.84), P (0.18) and Ba (0.77) influenced by the Samseongjeil mine were higher than the other mine drainage sediments. The mean content (ppm) of environmental toxic elements in drainage sediments from the Samseongjeil mine were taken As (2083), Cu (447), Mo (202), Ni (720), Pb (42), U (250), V (1070) and Zn (2632), which are extremely high concentrations against NASC and EPA. Characteristics of elemental behavior and dispersion of the all toxic elements are the same as increased with increasing U, V, and Cu. Rare earth elements in the sediments are enriched with LREE (La, Ce and Nd) from the drainage on strong concentration of toxic elements. The pH of stream water is neutral, but pH of the sediments ranged from 4.92 to 6.93 (mean 6.22), those are slightly acid in the Hando mine area. Major elements in the host rocks at the Hoenam area are mostly depleted especially Ca, excepting Ti and Ba, normalized with NASC. The sediments were highly enriched of Ti, Fe, Mg, Mn and Ba, but depleted of Al, K, Ca, Na and P on the basis of host rocks and NASC. Minor and environmental toxic elements in the host rocks were strongly enriched all elements (As, Cd, Mo, Se, D, V and Zn), excepting Co, Ni and Sr. Enrichment index (mean value) about toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) of the sediments in this area have taken 41.35 (Hando mine drainage; 2.73, Samseongjeil mine drainage; 113.14 and Bugook mine drainage; 8.19), those are seriously contaminated by environmental toxic elements.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.224-233
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• 2018

Thirty-three Early Iron Age bronzes at the sites of Hoam-dong in Chungju and Cheongsong-ri in Buyeo were investigated in order to study the manufacturing technique and the provenance of lead. Chemical analysis using X-ray fluorescence showed that 33 bronzes consist of copper(Cu), tin(Sn) and lead(Pb) served as major elements. Major and minor elemental analyses by EPMA were performed on two mirrors and 2 weapons of the bronzes investigated. The results shows that bronze mirrors from Chungju and Buyeo were high-tin bronzes(> 30 wt%). And 20% of tin and 5% of lead were founded in bronze weapons. Iron, zinc, arsenic, silver, nickel, sulfur and cobalt detected in four bronzes as minor and trace elements. The four bronzes were alloyed considering their function and were not heat treated after casting due to their high tin content. Lead isotope analysis using TIMS indicates that thirty-three bronzes were distributed southern Korea peninsula except Zone 1. As a result, lead raw materials came from various regions in Korean Peninsula not from Gyeongsang-do regions. The manufacturing techniques of bronze ware generalized at this age, and bronze was produced in various sites using raw materials from various sources.