• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.711-720
• /
• 2005

In the corpus luteum, TNF$\alpha$ is known to induce functional and structural luteolysis. In addition, it acts as luteotropic agent during the initial and early stage of luteal development. In spite of its importance in corpus luteal development, there is still different opinions for the source cells of TNF$\alpha$ in the corpus luteum. One is the macrophages only, and the other is macrophages are the main source and endothelial cells are the minor source. In this experiment, using the porcine corpora lutea of pregnancy and ovulatory stages, hematoxylin-eosin stain, macrophage and TNF$\alpha$ immunohistochemistry were carried to reveal the sources of TNF$\alpha$. As a result, MAC 387-positive macrophages were present in all the stages of corpora lutea. In the mature corpora lutea of nonpregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNF$\alpha$- positive macrophages were coincided, and the sites of endothelial cells and those of TNF$\alpha$-positive endothelial cells were nearly coincided. But, in the mature CL of pregnant stage, mid- and advanced luteolytic stages of both nonpregnant and pregnant stages, the sites of MAC 387-positive macrophages and those of TNF$\alpha$-positive macrophages were coincided, but not in the endothelial cells. Accordingly, it can be concluded that macrophages are the main source of TNF$\alpha$ in the corpus luteum and endothelial cells are the minor source in the mature and mid-lytic stages, but, in the advanced luteolytic stage, macrophages are the only source of TNF$\alpha$.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.85-107
• /
• 2012

The movie WALL-E shows the Earth which has been overrun with garbage and devoid of plant and animal life, and humans who try to restore the ecosystem. The aim of this study is to find the implications of children's education with a detailed analysis of the movie's theme. The analysis method is the interpretive analysis model that is one of the qualitative methods of data analysis based on the concept of Wolcott. First, the Earth is an abandoned planet covered in trash: the Axiom is a haven for morbidly obese and indolent people. The main area of the earth's destruction, and the captain's cabin is the place to find a clue to awakening and change. Second, with the lapse of time, the Axiom becomes a ship allowing their return to earth. The Earth, recognized as their homeland, turns in to the land of hope when people return. Third, the cleaning robot Wall-E, as a main agent of change, has changed humans as well as itself. The results showed that we found nature-friendly development, destruction of nature, the criticism of modern civilization, the sanctity of life, ecological consciousness, coexistence, symbiosis and a win-win principle in our research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2016

Objectives: Exposure to volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethylene(TCE) and perchloroethylene(PCE), along with Agent Orange, that were issued around Camp Carroll US Army Base situated in Waegwan, Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, Korea. The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure to TCE and PCE of residents of the area surrounding Camp Carroll. Methods: The TCE, PCE and trichloroethanol(TCEOH) concentrations in blood and trichlroroacetic acid(TCA) and TCEOH concentrations in urine were measured and analyzed in a total of 1,033 residents around Camp Carroll. TCA and TCEOH are metabolites of TCE and PCE, respectively. The information on demographic characteristics and exposure variables in relation to underground water were obtained through a questionnaire completed by the subjects. Results: TCE, PCE and TCEOH concentrations were not detected in blood. Detection rates of TCA and TECOH concentrations in urine were 98.5% and 36.6%, respectively. Creatinine-corrected average TCA and TCEOH concentrations were $12.23{\pm}23.81{\mu}g/g$ and $0.66{\pm}4.31{\mu}g/g$, respectively. A significant difference was not shown between the drinking group and no drinking group for underground water, which was assumed as a potential route of exposure to TCE and PCE through the consumption of ground water. However, females drinking ground water showed a significantly higher mean level of TCA in urine than did males. There was no significant difference according to drinking ground water as a potential source of exposure to TCE and PCE in residents around Camp Carroll. Conclusions: Considering the statistical analysis of factors affecting exposure to TCE and PCE in ground water along with previous reports, TCA in urine as exposure to TCE and PCE might not be appropriate because it is found in chlorinated drinking water. Therefore, TCA concentration in urine may be the result of drinking of chlorinated water.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.383-392
• /
• 2003

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) are important regulators on the development of maternal tissues during pregnancy. This study was performed to examine the relationship between maternal IGFs/IGFBPs system (i.e: IGF-I, II, their receptors, and IGFBPs) in pre- and post-partum rats. The liver and kidney are important organs for the synthesis of IGFs and IGFBPs in adults. The levels of materanal IGFs and IGFBPs in serum, liver, and kidney were examined at 14 and 21 days of gestation and at 3, 7, 11, and 14 days after birth. The expression of IGFs and their receptors mRNA was also examined in fetal and maternal rat liver, kidney. IGF-I concentrations in maternal serum and liver were decreased during pregnancy. However, IGF-I concentration in maternal kidney was increased, having maximal effect at 14 days of gestation. IGF-I concentrations were decreased in serum, liver, and kidney of postpartum rat, compared to control (p < 0.05). On the other hand, IGF-II concentrations in serum, liver, and kidney were increased during pregnancy (p<0.05) and gradually decreased to control level in postpartum period. The levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 are expressed in serum, liver, and kidney. However, IGFBP-3 is mainly expressed in serum and liver, and IGFBP-2 in kidney. The levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 in maternal serum were markedly decreased during pregnancy and gradually recovered to control level during postpartum period by western ligand blotting. However, there was no change of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 levels by western immunoblotting. The levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 in maternal liver and kidney also showed the same pattern of serum, although the main IGFBP is different. In normal rat serum, IGF-I 150 kDa and 50 kDa carrier proteins were detected. The level of IGF-I 150 kDa carrier proteins in pregnant rat was decreased compared to normal rat, but that of 50 kDa carrier proteins was increased. IGFBP-3 protease activity was identified in pregnant rat serum and maternal placenta, and it was inhibited by EDTA ($Ca^{2+}$ chelating agent) and aprotinin (serine proteinase inhibitor). Taken together, these results suggest that the changes of IGFs and IGFBPs in maternal rats are regulated by liver and kidney IGFs and their receptors mRNA during the pregnancy.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.225-234
• /
• 2008

Recently interesting in development of antimicrobial agent from natural origin has been increased in these days. Many studies have been reported antimicrobial effect of Horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) root extracts against various microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticu, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus parasiticus, Helicobacter pylori. The main component related to antimicrobial activity in horseradish is well known as allyl isothiocyanate(AIT). In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of Horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) root extracts against Streptococcus mutans isolated from human dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans reference strain and compared with that of chlorhexidine. Horseradish root extracts and chlorhexidine were tested to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration( MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). The result of this study can be summerized as follows; 1. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against both S. mutans isolated strain and reference strain, their MIC were respectively $0.083{\sim}0.25%$ ($833.33{\sim}2500 ppm$), 0.25% (2500 ppm). Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against S. mutans isolated strain at same or slightly lower concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 2. $0.083{\sim}0.25%$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine ($0.0021{\sim}0.0041%$).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.311-314
• /
• 2010

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease. Although cats are the main zoonotic reservoirs of Bartonella spp., unusual cases of cat scratch disease caused by a domestic dog scratch have been recently reported. For the in vivo B. henselae infection, eight dogs were inoculated intradermally with $2{\times}10^8CFU$ of B. henselae Houston-1 suspended in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline on day 0 and subsequent injections of the same amount given intradermally on days 21, 28, 36, 58 and 64. After in vivo canine B. henselae infection was confirmed by nested PCR, the IFN-$\gamma$ levels of the culture supernatant of PBMC stimulated with B. henselae was significantly higher in the B. henselae-PCR positive group than the B. henselae-PCR negative group. Our results showed that the canine immune responses against B. henselae were different from those of cats. Th1 activation by B. henselae stimulation was characterized in dog peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas Th2 activation was reported in B. henselae-infected cats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2008.04a
• /
• pp.961-964
• /
• 2008

There are researches in progress on ensuring the safety of the high impact concrete in case of fire which is a current rising social problem and this research institute also developed PFB technology, the explosion preventing technology. PFB technology is to apply POSCO E&C Fire Board, a fireproof board, with an adhesive agent on the construction site, and this technology passed 3-hour fireproof test and this technology was proven from a previous research that the temperature of main root is maintained under $200^{\circ}C$. Therefore, tests on basic contents was performed in this research before the actual construction, with a full scale of wooden prototype to apply PFB technology to actual construction sites and the tests were done on the workability of fireproof board, the adhesive power, the resistance against imprint of wooden nail, the heat conductivity and etc. As the results of these tests, PFB technology was proven to have an excellent workability at a construction site and to be easy for processing and also, this technology was proven to have a great resisting power against imprint of wooden nail. Therefore, this research has confirmed that PFB technology has no problem to be applied on a construction site.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.56 no.2
• /
• pp.148-169
• /
• 2023

Hayeob pigment is known as one of the traditional dark green pigments, but the color, raw material, and manufacturing method have not been clearly identified. However, comparing the analysis results of the particle shape and constituent minerals of Hayeob pigments revealed through pigment analysis studies of colored cultural properties such as Dancheong, Gwaebul, and paintings, Hayeob pigments appear to be the same as Dongrok pigments produced by salt corrosion. Therefore, in order to restore Hayeob pigment, the manufacturing method of Dongrok pigment was studied based on the records of old literature. The Dongrok pigment manufacturing method confirmed in the old literature records is a natural corrosion method in which copper powder and a caustic are mixed and then left in a humid condition to corrode. Based on this, artificial corrosion using a corrosion tester was adopted to corrode the copper powder more efficiently, and an appropriate mixing ratio was selected by analyzing the state of corrosion products according to the mixing ratio of the caustic agent. In addition, the manufacturing method of Dongrok pigment was established by adding a salt removal process to remove residual caustic agents and a purification process to increase chroma during pigment coloring. The prepared Dongrok pigments have a bluish green or green color, show an elliptical particle shape and a form in which small particles are aggregated, and a porous surface is observed. The main constituent elements are copper(Cu) and chlorine(Cl), and the main constituent mineral is identified as atacamite [Cu₂Cl(OH)₃]. As a result of an accelerated weathering test to evaluate the stability of the prepared Dongrok pigments, it was found that the greenness partially decreased and the yellowness significantly increased as deterioration progressed. Before deterioration, the Dongrok pigments had lower yellowness compared to the Hayeob pigments of the old Dancheong, but after deterioration, yellowness increased significantly, and it was found to have a similar chromaticity range as Dancheong's Hayeob pigments. As a result, the prepared Dongrok pigments were confirmed to be similar to Dancheong's Hayeob pigments in terms of color as well as particle shape and constituent minerals.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.59 no.4
• /
• pp.319-346
• /
• 2007

The main purpose of this research is to figure out systematically the total amount of social welfare resources in Korea. For the stated purpose, this research (1) defines the concept of social welfare resource, (2) develops basic framework for measuring total amount of resources, (3) estimates total amount of social welfare resources based on the year of 2004, and (4) presents some implications of findings. Social welfare resource is defined as any valuable things, material or immaterial, that one can put into instrumental use in order to meet social needs or to resolve problems in the interaction process between human and the environment. Institutional sectors of social welfare resource consist the following 5 major areas derived from resource providers: The government, enterprise, market, the third sector (religion & welfare institutions, fundraising agencies, and NPOs), and community (families, relatives, and neighborhoods). For the estimation of the total amount of social welfare resources, this research takes advantages of both the major methods of provider centered approach and the intermediary agent centered approach. Based on the compromised method estimation, the total amount of social welfare resources in Korea in the year of 2004 is 147 trillion won (approximately, 148 billion dollars and 19% of GDP). Among them, central and local governments provide 52 trillion won. The private sector expends a total of 109 trillion won, which contains 44 trillion from enterprise, 54.3 trillion from market, 3.0 trillion from the third sector, and 8.3 trillion from the community. The enterprise and market share of welfare resources exceeds 66% of the total expenditure, and the market is expected to increase gradually in the near future.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal cell damage, which is associated with neurodegenerative disease. The aim of present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of perilla oil (PO) and its active component, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), against hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells exposed to $250{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 24 h were treated with different concentrations of PO (25, 125, 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$) and its major fatty acid, ALA (1, 2.5, 5 and $25{\mu}g/mL$). We examined the effects of PO and ALA on $H_2O_2$-induced cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and nuclear condensation. Moreover, we determined whether PO and ALA regulated the apoptosis-related protein expressions, such as cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase-9 and -3, BCL-2 and BAX. RESULTS: Treatment of $H_2O_2$ resulted in decreased cell viability, increased LDH release, and increase in the nuclei condensation as indicated by Hoechst 33342 staining. However, PO and ALA treatment significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death, indicating that PO and ALA potently blocked the $H_2O_2$-induced neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, cleaved-PARP, cleaved caspase-9 and -3 activations were significantly decreased in the presence of PO and ALA, and the $H_2O_2$-induced up-regulated BAX/BCL-2 ratio was blocked after treatment with PO and ALA. CONCLUSIONS: PO and its main fatty acid, ALA, exerted the protective activity from neuronal oxidative stress induced by $H_2O_2$. They regulated apoptotic pathway in neuronal cell death by alleviation of BAX/BCL-2 ratio, and down-regulation of cleaved-PARP and cleaved caspase-9 and -3. Although further studies are required to verify the protective mechanisms of PO and ALA from neuronal damage, PO and ALA are the promising agent against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death.