• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.264-270
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• 1997

The structure of plasmid mlp1, a linear 10.2kb mitochondrial plasmid of Pleurotus ostreatus NFF A2 was determined by restriction enzyme mapping and partial sequencing. The plasmid encodes at least two proteins; a putative RNA polymerase showing homology to yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase and to viral-encoded RNA polymerases, and a putative DNA polymerase showing significant homology to the family B thpe DNA polymerases. It also contains terminal inverted repeat sequences at both ends which are longer than 274 bp. A 1.6 kb EcoRI restriction fragment of m1p1 containing the putative RNA polymerase gene did not hybridize to the nuclear or motochondrial genomes from P. ostreatus, suggesting that it may encode plasmidspecific RNA polymerase. The gene fragment also did not hybridize with the RNA polymerase gene (RPO41) from Saccaromyces cerevisiae. The relationship between genes in m1p1 and those in another linear plasmid pC1K1 of Claviceps purpurea was examined by DNA hybridization. The result indicates that the genes for DNA and RNA polymerases are not closely related with those in C. purpurea.

• 생태와환경
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• 제38권spc호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The dynamics of water quality with the storm events were analyzed in a small reservoir for irrigation, Lake Wangkung. Water quality of the inflowing stream fluctuated seasonally with the variation of flow rate. Thermal stratification was consistent from April to October below 2 m depths and anoxic layer was developed below 2 m depth in summer. The unique feature of temperature showed that thermal stratification was disrupted by a heavy rain event during monsoon, but hypolimnetic hypoxia were reestablished after a few days. Phosphorus and nitrogen increased immediately following storm events. The marked increase may be due to the input of P-rich storm runoff from the watershed. Internal phosphorus loading can be one of the explanations for TP increases in summer. When there was a storm, total populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton was reduced immediately following the storm, indicating possible flushing of algae and zooplankton. After a lag period of low-density the plankton population bloomed to a peak again within five days after the storm. Turbid water in lake became clear again which coincided with the time of the phytoplankton buildup. The results demonstrate that water quality is regulated greatly by rainfall intensity in Lake Wangkung.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.33.1-33.17
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• 2022

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) have emerged as potential regulators of macrophage function. We have investigated mechanisms of SOCS3 action on type 2 macrophage (M2) differentiation induced by glucocorticoid using human monocytic cell lines and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Treatment of THP1 monocytic cells with dexamethasone (Dex) induced ROS generation and M2 polarization promoting IL-10 and TGF-β production, while suppressing IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 production. SOCS3 over-expression reduced, whereas SOCS3 ablation enhanced IL-10 and TGF-β induction with concomitant regulation of ROS. As a mediator of M2 differentiation, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was down-regulated by SOCS3 and up-regulated by shSOCS3. The induction of GILZ and IL-10 by Dex was dependent on ROS and p38 MAPK activity. Importantly, GILZ ablation led to the inhibition of ROS generation and anti-inflammatory cytokine induction by Dex. Moreover, GILZ knock-down negated the up-regulation of IL-10 production induced by shSOCS3 transduction. Our data suggest that SOCS3 targets ROS- and p38-dependent GILZ expression to suppress Dex-induced M2 polarization.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.651-656
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• 2009

The formation of ${\beta}$-amyloid peptide ($A{\beta}$) is initiated from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by a family of protease, ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, and ${\gamma}$-secretase. Sub W, a substrate peptide, consists of 10 amino acids, which are adjacent to the ${\beta}$-cleavage site of wild-type APP, and Sub M is Swedish mutant with double mutations on the left side of the ${\beta}$-cleavage site of APP. Sub W is a normal product of the metabolism of APP in the secretary pathway. Sub M is known to increase the efficiency of ${\beta}$-secretase activity, resulting in a more specific binding model compared to Sub W. Three-dimensional structures of Sub W and Sub M were studied by CD and NMR spectroscopy in water solution. On the basis of these structures, interaction models of ${\beta}$-secretase and substrate peptides were determined by molecular dynamics simulation. Four hydrogen bonds and one water-mediated interaction were formed in the docking models. In particular, the hydrogen bonding network of Sub M-BACE formed spread over the broad region of the active site of ${\beta}$-secretase (P5-P3'), and the side chain of P2- Asn formed a hydrogen bond specifically with the side chain of Arg235. These are more favorable to the cleavage of Sub M by ${\beta}$-secretase than Sub W. The two substrate peptides showed different tendency to bind to ${\beta}$-secretase and this information may useful for drug development to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.399-404
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• 2006

Noninvasive molecular targeting in living subjects is highly demanded for better understanding of such diverse topics as the efficient delivery of drugs, genes, or radionuclides for the diagnosis or treatment of diseases. Progress in molecular biology, genetic engineering and polymer chemistry provides various tools to target molecules and cells in vivo. We used chitosan as a polymer, and $^{99m}Tc$ as a radionuclide. We developed $^{99m}Tc-galactosylated$ chitosan to target asialoglycoprotein receptors for nuclear imaging. We also developed $^{99m}Tc-HYNIC-chitosan-transferrin$ to target inflammatory cells, which was more effective than $^{67}Ga-citrate$ for imaging inflammatory lesions. For an effective delivery of molecules, a longer circulation time is needed. We found that around 10% PEGylation was most effective to prolong the circulation time of liposomes for nuclear imaging of $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO-labeled$ liposomes in rats. Using various characteristics of molecules, we can deliver drugs into targets more effectively. We found that $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ biodegradable pullulan-derivatives are retained in tumor tissue in response to extracellular ion-strength. For the trafficking of various cells or bacteria in an intact animal, we used optical imaging techniques or radiolabeled cells. We monitored tumor-targeting bacteria by bioluminescent imaging techniques, dentritic cells by radiolabeling and neuronal stem cells by sodium-iodide symporter reporter gene imaging. In summary, we introduced recent achievements of molecular nuclear imaging technologies in targeting receptors for hepatocyte or inflammatory cells and in trafficking bacterial, immune and stem cells using molecular nuclear imaging techniques.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.339-354
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• 2014

한류가 지속적으로 확산되고 문화적 파급력이 높아지면서 한류 수용자들의 반응도 더욱 다양해지고 있다. 본 연구는 향후 한류의 확산의 거점역할을 할 수 있는 베트남을 중심으로 한국과 한류 수용국가 간의 공동제작의 필요성 및 글로벌 미디어 기업의 역할을 강조한다. 주요 조사자료는 국제공동제작에 대한 문헌과 신문 자료이며, 이 외에 집단심층토론 조사의 일부 자료도 포함하였다. 한국과 한류 수용국가 간의 국제 공동제작은 한류문화콘텐츠의 다양화와 한류 수용자들과의 소통할 수 있는 기회가 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 CJ E&M의 사례를 중심으로 글로벌 문화콘텐츠로서 한류 콘텐츠의 발전방향을 고려하고 한류 거점지역으로서 영향력이 높은 베트남 문화산업과의 상호관계형성을 강조한다. 나아가 보다 많은 국내 미디어 그룹이 글로벌 미디어 시장에 진출할 수 있도록 콘텐츠 개발 및 네트워크 형성을 위한 협력적 지원이 필요하다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.716-721
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• 2005

Fluoxetine is an anorexic agent known to reduce food intake and weight gain. However, the molecular mechanism by which fluoxetine induces anorexia has not been well-established. We examined mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the brain regions of rats using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques after 2 weeks of administering fluoxetine daily. Fluoxetine persistently suppressed food intake and weight gain during the experimental period. The pair-fed group confirmed that the reduction in body weight in the fluoxetine treated rats resulted primarily from decreased food intake. RT-PCR analyses showed that mRNA expression levels of both NPY and POMC were markedly reduced by fluoxetine treatment in all parts of the brain examined, including the hypothalamus. POMC mRNA in situ signals were significantly decreased, NPY levels tended to increase in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of fluoxetine treated rats (compared to the vehicle controls). In the pair-fed group, NPY mRNA levels did not change, but the POMC levels decreased (compared with the vehicle controls). These results reveal that the chronic administration of fluoxetine decreases expression levels in both NPY and POMC in the brain, and suggests that fluoxetine-induced anorexia may not be mediated by changes in the ARC expression of either NPY or POMC. It is possible that a fluoxetine raised level of 5-HT play an inhibitory role in the orectic action caused by a reduced expression of ARC POMC ($\alpha$-MSH).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.247-259
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• 2000

Objective : The mechanism of acupuncture to increase cerebral blood flow is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neural basis of acupuncture by comparing the cerebral regions activated by the stimulation of two different methods of acupunctures at the same acupoint which was suggested by oriental medicine to increase rCBF. Materials and Methods : Thirty-nine healthy volunteers(26 males, 13 females, age $31{\pm}11$ years) were studies by rest/acupuncture Tc-99m ECD brain SPECT using a subtraction method. SPECTs using two methods(needle retention and heated needle with 90% alcohol) at two acupoints (right LI. 4 and ST. 36) were peformed at an interval of three days. For the needle retention method, acupuncture needle was inserted to a depth of about 2 cm into each acupoint 8 minutes after the lst acquisition and continued to retain, and the second injection of Tc-99m ECD was done 15 minutes after the insertion of needle. For the heated acupuncture method, heated needle was inserted in a twinkle within several msec 20 second after the second injection of Tc-99m ECD. The differences of between rest and acupuncture activation state were statistically analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping software. Result : Acupunctures of both methods reveal similar patterns of increase in rCBF. Acupuncture at ST.36 increase rGBF in left anterior temporal, right inferior frontal lobes, and left cerebellum. Acupuncture at LI. 4 increase rCBF in the left frontal cortex, right temporal pole, both inferior frontal cortices and right cerebellum. Conclusion : The effects of two different acupunctures to the same acupoints on rCBF were similar. Therefore, this result suggests Chat the mechanism of acupuncture in the increase of cerebral blood flow have a neural basis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 식품으로 애용되고 있는 적채가 가진 항산화 효과와 멜라닌 합성을 저해하는 tyrosinase 활성 억제 효과를 항노화 과정의 기초 자료로서 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 즉, 인지질 리포좀 내부에 적채의 용매별 분획물을 가하고 그 산화 지수를 구하여 각 항산화 효과를 측정하였으며, 적채의 ethylether 분획층인 BOMEE와 ethylacetate 분획층인 BOMEA의 결과 이미 항산화제로 널리 알려져 있는 BHT와 $\alpha$-tocopherol을 대조군으로 가하여 비교해 보았으며 이들에 비해 높은 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 또 본 연구에서는 이미 알려진 항산화제인 vitamin C와 $\alpha$-tocopherol을 DLPC-리포좀에 가했을 때의 항산화 상승효과도 함께 살펴보았다. 즉, DLPC-리포좀에 BOMEE와 BOMEA 일정량을 가했을 때 이미 높은 항산화 상승효과가 나타났으며, vitamin C와 $\alpha$-tocopherol을 첨가시 더욱 높은 항산화 상승효과가 나타났다. 적채 분획물 단독으로 가했을 때에는 항산화 효과가 없었던 BOMH, BOMB 및 BOMA에서도 상승효과가 나타났다. DLPC-리포좀을 이용한 적채 분획물의 항산화 효과를 이미 공인되어 사용되고 있는 TBA가를 측정하여 비교 검토하였다. 발색정도를 비색 정량하여 유지의 산패도를 측정하는 TBA가를 이용한 실험 결과 DLPC-리포좀을 이용한 항산화 결과와 거의 비슷하였으며, 이 경우 BOMEE와 BOMEA에서 높은 항산화 효과를 나타냄으로서 불포화 인지질로 구성된 DLPC-리포좀에 시료를 첨가하여 항산화 효과를 측정한 본 실험의 결과가 TBA가의 결과를 통해 다시 한번 그 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 더불어 진행되는 활성산소의 증가로 인한 노화의 한 과정을 적채 중의 멜라닌 색소형성방지 효과의 면에서 연구 검토하였으며, 요즈음은 멜라닌의 합성을 억제하는 물질들에 대한 연구가 천연물을 대상으로 많이 이루어지고 있으므로 본 연구에서는 시험관 내 실험에서 적채 분획물 BOMH, BOMEE, BOMEA, BOMB 및 BOMA를 일정량 취하고, kojic acid를 10, 20, 30 및 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL의 농도로 각각 처리하여 tyrosinase 활성을 측정한 결과 특히 BOMEA층에서 농도 의존적으로 tyrosinase 활성억제율이 컸음을 관찰하였다. 이상 노화를 예방하는 항산화 및 멜라닌 색소 형성억제 물질을 연구 결과, 적채의 분획물 중 BOMEE와 BOMEA층에서 가장 두드러진 항산화효과를 나타내었고, tyrosinase 활성 억제 효과는 BOMEA층이 우세하였다. 이 결과에 의해 현재 식용 식품으로서만 상용되는 적체의 생리활성 성분 중 비극성 부분에서 노화를 억제시킬 수 있는 항산화제 및 피부의 흑화를 방지할 수 있는 미백제 원료로서 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2003

$^{99m}Tc$ 표지 방사성의약품을 이용한 핵의학 영상검사를 받은 환자들에서 방사선 적응반응이 개인간에 어느 정도 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ 신장 신티그라피를 시행한 환자 23명, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ 골 신티그라피를 시행한 환자 18명 및 $^{99}mTc-TF$ 심근관류 신티그라피를 시행한 환자 21명, 총 62명의 환자를 대상으로 방사성의약품 주사 전, 그리고 주사후 4시간째 채혈하여 림프구를 채취 배양하였다. 고선량 방사선조사는 배양 46시간째 $^{137}Cs$ 조사기를 사용하여 2 Gy의 감마선을 조사하였다. 불안정 염색체의 발생빈도를 Ydr값으로 표현하였고, 방사선 적응반응 지수(k)는 저선량 전처치후 Ydr값을 전처치 전 Ydr값으로 나누어 k값이 1 미만일 때 방사선 적응반음이 유도되는 것으로 간주하였다. 대상환자 62명 중 61명에서 방사선 적응반응이 유도되었고 $^{99m}Tc-DTPA,\;^{99m}Tc-MDP$ 및 Tc-99m-TF 환자군에서 k값의 변동계수 (CV)는 각각 35%, 34%, 21%였다. k값은 성별, 나이 및 병명과 상관관계가 없었다. 핵의학검사를 시행한 환자들에서 방사성 의약품에 의해 유도된 방사선 적응반응은 다양한 개인차가 있었으며, 성별, 나이 또는 병명과 관계없는 다른 원인에 의한 것으로 판단되었다.