• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.73-84
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to induce user to use storage equipment as fixed storage space in urban housing. The object of investigation is limited to the resident of detached and apartment house in Daegu, analysised the problems and their attitueds of using storage equipments amount of cloths and bel-clothes. On the basis of these recommended the optimum volume of storage space for clothes and bed-clothes by family types. Applied to the standard of detached house, the optimum volume of storage space for clothes and bed-clothes in each rooms are as following. 1) The volume of master room is ranged 7.34M3 and 8.65M3 the average is 7.97M3. 2) Children's room is ranged 1.18M3 and 3.26M3, the average is 2.51M3 under number of users and their age. 3) The aged room is calculated average 6.53M3.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.445-456
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• 2008

Let M be a right R-module, G an ordered group and ${\sigma}$ a map from G into the group of automorphisms of R. The conditions under which the Malcev-Neumann module M* ((G)) is a PS module and a p.q.Baer module are investigated in this paper. It is shown that: (1) If $M_R$ is a reduced ${\sigma}$-compatible module, then the Malcev-Neumann module M* ((G)) over a PS-module is also a PS-module; (2) If $M_R$ is a faithful ${\sigma}$-compatible module, then the Malcev-Neumann module M* ((G)) is a p.q.Baer module if and only if the right annihilator of any G-indexed family of cyclic submodules of M in R is generated by an idempotent of R.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1998

Let $H_1$ ($\Delta$, M) be the family of all 1-1 holomorphic mappings of the unit disk $\Delta\; \subset\; C$ into a complex manifold M. Following the method of Royden, Hahn introduces a new pseudo-differential metric $S_{M}$ on M. The present paper is to study the product property of the metric $S_{M}$ when M is given by the product of two domains $D_1$ and $D_2$ in the complex plane C, thus investigating the hyperbolicity of the product domain $D_1 \;\times\; D_2$ with respect to $S_{M}$ metric.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.293-303
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• 2007

Objective: Previously, we identified differentially expressed genes between GV and MII stage mouse oocytes using ACP technology. When we study one of GV selective genes, Obox family, we found Obox4 mRNA expression in ovaries that has been reported as expressed exclusively in testis. Therefore, this study was conducted for characterization and functional analysis for Obox4. Methods: Expression of Obox4 mRNA was examined in gonads and oocytes by RT-PCR. To determine the role of Obox4 in oocyte maturation, Obox4 dsRNA was microinjected into the cytoplasm of GV oocytes followed by 16 h of incubation in the plain medium or by 24 h of incubation in the medium containing IBMX. After RNAi, phenotypes and maturation rates were observed, change in mRNA expression was evaluated, and chromosomal status was confirmed by orcein staining. Results: Obox4 has minimal expression in the ovary compared to that of the other family members. When oocytes were cultured for 16 h in M16 medium after RNAi, maturation rate was not changed significantly, compared with that of non-injected or buffer-injected control oocytes. Surprisingly, however, when oocytes were cultured for 24 h in M16 containing IBMX, in which oocytes were supposed to arrest at GV stage, Obox4 RNAi oocytes were advanced to MI and MII. Spindle structure was disappeared and the chromosomes were condensed in the oocytes after Obox4 RNAi. Conclusions: This is the first report on the expression of Obox4 in the ovary and oocytes. Results of the study suggest that Obox4 plays a crucial role in spindle formation and chromosome segregation during meiosis in oocytes. In addition, Obox4 may play an important role in cAMP-dependent signal cascades of GV-arrest in mouse oocytes.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.41-54
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of husband's emotional support and mother-teacher partnership on maternal parenting stress. The participants in this study consisted of 216 mothers with children(aged 4-5years). Husband's emotional support was measured by the Parenting Alliance Inventory(PAI, R. R. Abidin, 1988) revised by R. R. Abidin and J. F. Brunner(1995). Mother-teacher partnership was measured using the Caregiver-Parent Partnership Scale(A. M. Ware, B. Barfoot, A. S. Rusher & M. T. Owen, 1995) revised by M. T. Owen, A. M. Ware and B. Barfoot(2000). Parental Stress was measured by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF, R. R. Abidin, 1995) revised by M. E. Haskett, L. S. Ahern, C. S. Ward and J. C. Allaire(2006). The data were analyzed through mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows: First, the mean score of husband's emotional support was higher than average and the mean score of mother-teacher partnership was an average level. Parenting stress was lower than average. Second, there were statistically differences in maternal parental stress according to number of children and mother's educational level. Third, husband's emotional support and mother-teacher partnership were influenced by maternal parental stress. The results of this study are important because they show mothers, fathers, and teachers ways to reduce maternal parental stress.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2015

We collected and identified 5,721 ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies (EcM) from Naejangsan National Park from June 2004 to 2013, belonging to 1 phylum, 1 class, 6 orders, 19 families, 40 genera, and 196 species. Of these, 2,249 individuals were identified as 89 species belonging to 11 genera in 7 families in the Agaricales; 1,511 were identified as 43 species belonging to 2 genera in 1 family in the Russulales; 1,132 were identified as 50 species belonging to 21 genera in 6 families in the Boletales; 793 were identified as 8 species belonging to 3 genera in 2 families in the Cantharellales; 29 were identified as 3 species belonging to 2 genera in 2 families in the Thelephorales; and 7 were identified as 3 species belonging to 1 genus in 1 family in the Gomphales. Thus, most of the EcMs identified belonged to the following 3 orders: Agaricales, Russulales, and Boletales. Russulaceae were most common (43 species), followed by Boletaceae (39 species), and Amanitaceae (27 species); most individuals were Russulaceae (1,511), followed by Hydnagiaceae (1,071) and Boletaceae (804). The monthly distribution showed that the greatest number of individuals and species of EcM, including the dominant ones, occur around July~September at an elevation of 200~299 m, diminishing markedly above 600 m. The greatest number of individuals and species, including the dominant ones, were collected in the period with average temperatures $25.0{\sim}26.9^{\circ}C$, lows of $21.0{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, and highs of $30.0{\sim}31.9^{\circ}C$, relative humidity > 76%, and rainfall > 400 mm.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2015

In the past several decades, biofuels have emerged as candidates to help mitigate the issues of global warming, fossil fuel depletion and, in some cases, atmospheric pollution. To date, the only biofuels that have achieved any significant penetration in the global transportation sector are ethanol and biodiesel. The global consumption of biodiesel was rapidly increased from 2005. The goal of this study was to examine the chemical composition on particulate pollutant emissions from a diesel engine operating on several different biodiesels. Tests were performed on non-road diesel engine. Experiments were performed on 5 different fuel blends at 2 different engine loading conditions (50% and 75%). 5 different fuel blends were ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD, 100%), soy biodiesel (Blend 20% and Blend 100%) and canola biodiesel (Blend 20% and Blend 100%). The chemical properties of particulate pollutants were characterized using an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Organic matter and nitrate were generally the most abundant aerosol components and exhibited maximum concentration of $1207{\mu}g/m^3$ and $30{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, the oxidized fragment families ($C_xH_yO_1{^+}$, and $C_xH_yO_z{^+}$) account for ~13% of the three family sum, while ~87% comes from the $C_xH_y{^+}$ family. The two peaks of $C_2H_3O_2$ (m/z 59.01) and $C_3H_7O$ (m/z 59.04) located at approximately m/z 59 could be used to identify atmospheric particulate matter directly to biodiesel exhaust, as distinguished from that created by petroleum diesel in the AMS data.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3271-3274
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• 2012

Purpose : This study was performed to assess whether the weight status is associated with screening rates of breast and cervical cancer in Korean women. Methods: Study participants included women aged between 30 and 80 years from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2009. Body mass index was classified into ${\sim}18.4kg/m^2$ (underweight), $18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$ (normal), $23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$ (overweight), $25.0{\sim}29.9kg/m^2$ (moderate obesity) and $30.0kg/m^2$~ (severe obesity) according to the Asia Pacific Standards of WHO recommended definition of obesity. Screening rates of breast and cervical cancer were estimated by the recommendation of the National Cancer Screening Program of the National Cancer Center, Korea. Results : The overall screening rates for breast and cervical cancer were 51.3% and 50.1%, respectively. After covariate adjustment, the screening rates for breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.97) and cervical cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.94) were significantly lower in the women with severe obesity. Conclusion: Obesity is associated with lower compliance with breast and cervical cancer screening guidelines in Korean women.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.141-155
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• 2001

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Injin fractions on hepatic fibrosis induced by $TGF-{\beta}1$. Method : $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA, protein, $TGF-{\beta}1$ receptor, Smad family and PAI-I mRNA were studied in HepG2 cell, and the proliferation, connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin and collagen type I mRNA in T3891 fibroblast by quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and thymidine incorporation assay. Results : On $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA and protein synthesis in HepG2, $H_2O$, butanol and hexane fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect in a dose-dependent way. In the study on $TGF-{\beta}1$ receptor, Smad family and PAI-1 mRNA in HepG2, $H_2O$, butanol and hexane fraction of Injin showed inhibitory effect on the expression of PAI-1 in a dose-dependent way. On the proliferation of T3891 fibroblast induced by $TGF-{\beta}1$, $H_2O$, ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect. In the study on the factors affected by $TGF-{\beta}1$, $H_2O$, ethylacetate and butanol fractions of Injin showed inhibitory effect on CTGF, and $H_2O$, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions showed inhibitory effect on the expression of collagen type I, whereas no fraction showed inhibitory effect on the expression of fibronectin Conclusion : These results show that each fraction of Injin acts as a fibrosis inhibitory factor by itself or in combination, ultimately inhibiting liver cirrhosis.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.639-647
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the need for hospice care programs in families of patients with cancer. Method: The study surveyed 98 families who were taking care of patients with cancer. This survey was conducted from August 2004 to October 2004 at two general hospitals in Seoul. The data were collected through a self-reporting questionnaire of 22 items. The items were classified into five areas by factor analysis to identify the construct validity. The reliability of the tool was established by Cronbach's alpha as .93 and the data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Results: 1) The degree of need for hospice care of the subjects showed a high average of $3.26({\pm}3.7$). The need for 'emotional care of patients showed the highest mean' (M=3.47), 'management of terminal physical symptoms' (M=3.34), 'control of secondary physical problems' (M =3.26), 'acceptance of the family's difficulty' (M=3.12), 'spiritual care for preparing for death' (M=2.96), respectively. 2) With respect to the demographic characteristics of the subjects, there were statistically significant differences in hospice care needs, according to the onset of diagnosis (F=3.110, p=.030). Conclusion: Hospice care must be provided considering the needs of families of patients with cancer. In this sense, this country's needs as well as hospice nurses' higher concern and support for hospice care of patients require further education and program development to meet the current demands.