• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.263-274
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• 2000

Carotenoids are widely distributed natural pigments which are in an increasing demand by the market, due to their applicatins in the human food, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Although more than 600 carotenoids have been identified in nature, only a few are industrially important (${\beta}$-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein or lycopene). To date chemical processes manufacture most of the carotenoid production, but the interest for carotenoids of biological origin is growing since theire is an increased public concern over the safety of artificial food colorants. Although much interest and effort has been devoted to the use of biological sources for industrially important carotenoids, only the production of biological ${\beta}$-carotene and astaxanthin has been reported. Among fungi, several Mucorales strains, particularly Blakeslea trispora, have been used to develop fermentation processes for the production of ${\beta}$-carotene on almost competitive cost-price levels. Similarly, the basidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (the perfect state of Phaffia rhodozyma), has been proposed as a promising source of astaxanthin. This paper focuses on recent findings on the fungal pathways for carotenoid production, especially the structure and function of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the Mucorales. An outlook of the possibilities of an increased industrial production of carotenoids, based on metabolic engineering of fungi for carotenoid content and composition, is also discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.13
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• pp.5507-5513
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• 2015

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng (MC) has been used in traditional medicine due to its high carotenoid content. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying apoptotic effects of MC on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A lycopene-enriched aril extract of MC (AE) showed cytotoxicity and antiestrogenicity to MCF-7 cells. On DAPI staining, AE induced cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation were evident. With flow cytometric analysis, AE increased the percentage of cells in an early apoptosis stage when compared with the control group. RT-PCR analysis showed AE to significantly increase the expression of the proapoptotic bax gene without effect on expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene. Moreover, AE enhanced caspase 6, 8 and 9 activity. Taken together, we conclude that AE of MC fruit has anticancer effects on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells by induction of cell apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of signaling.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2017

This study was analyzed the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) on quality and shelf life of 'Unicorn' cherry tomato at the light red maturity-stage. The storage conditions were modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by oxygen transmission rate (OTR) packaging film at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Respiration and ethylene production were the lowest in B + Ca + Si -treated tomato fruits. The lowest fresh weight loss and the longest shelf life resulted from the B + Ca + Si treatment. And the firmness was enhanced by B + Ca + Si treatment at harvest time, and it was retained after storage at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Significantly lower soluble solids, lycopene, and color development were found at B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits compared with control after storage. Moreover, the highest titratable acidity and vitamin C content were observed in B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits after storage. From the above results, it was concluded that B + Ca + Si combined treatment can delay the maturity of cherry tomato after harvesting, and retained the firmness and prolong the shelf life.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.833-836
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• 2013

'Hei' is a new cultivar of red with black flesh; originated from the cross of two inbred lines, mother plant, TKUI separated from 'Kame' in 2007 and father plant, TLB separated from tomato collected in Europe by pedigree breeding method. 'Hei' was tested for specific character and productivity of lines of tomatoes in spring for 2 years, 2008 to 2009. This variety had resistance to powdery mildew. 'Hei' is an indeterminate type. The fruit shape is round and the skin color is blackish red. The average fruit weight of 'Hei' is about 127.9 g and marketable yield is $5,715kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$. Lycopene contents of 'Hei' are about $18.5mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$, high compared with other tomato ($3.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$). 'Hei' is suitable for environment-friendly protected cultivation because of resistance to powdery mildew.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 1993

The changes in the concentration of toropherol and carotenoid in pinenut oil at various stage of refining are studied during autoxidation. The oxidative stability of pinenut oil decreased with the refining degree increased. The tocopheol content of total crude oil was 55.51mg/100g oil and $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$and $\beta$-tocopherol in the crude oil were 25.48mg, 23.94mg and 6.99mg in order, respectively. The amount of $\delta$-tocopherol was trace. The concentrations of $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$ and $\beta$-tocopherol in pinenut oil after degumming or alkaline refining were 23. 85mg, 19.79mg and 6.12mg or 24.08mg, 24.04mg and 5.33mg, respectively. The content of f-carotene was 0.63% of total unsaponifiable materials and that of lycopene was trace. The concentrations of carotenoids and toropherols in pinenut oil decreased while autoxidation progressed. Degrees of destruction of carotenoids and toropherols. were significant at first stage of oxidation. Decrease in $\alpha$-toropherol was found to be faster than that in $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol during oxidation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.394-407
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• 2024

The poultry industry faces disposal difficulty in waste, but recent advancements in material science and sustainability have enabled the innovative transformation of waste into valuable resources. In this study, eggshell (EC) was added as a bio-filler to gum Arabic (GA) to fabricate a GA-EC bio-composite film. Bio-composites containing 0.5 g (GA-EC_0.5) and 1.0 g (GA-EC_1.0) EC dispersed in 30 mL of 15% GA solution were fabricated and characterized using standard analytical techniques. The GA-EC_0.5 composites showed significantly higher moisture content, transparency, water solubility, and water vapor permeability but lower tensile strength and thermal stability than GA-EC_1.0. Following a post-harvest wrapping of tomato fruits with the GA-EC composite films and storage at 25±2℃ for 20 days, significant (p>0.05) reductions in weight loss, pH, lycopene content, and activities of polyphenol oxidase and pectin methylesterase compared to unwrapped fruits were recorded. Adding EC to GA has enabled the fabrication of composite films with improved mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties with potential application in the post-harvest storage of tomato fruits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1212-1218
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• 2015

The study was designed to investigate the effects of cold and conventional extrusion on antioxidant properties of extruded rice with vegetables. Moisture content and screw speed were fixed at 25% and 150 rpm. Cold extrusion and conventional extrusion were adjusted at die temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ with a $CO_2$ injection rate of 300 mL/min and $140^{\circ}C$ without a $CO_2$ injection, respectively. Pumpkin, tomato, strawberry, and green tea powder of 10% were individually blended with rice flour. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of extruded pumpkin and tomato mix by conventional extrusion was higher than that by cold extrusion. Total phenolic content in extruded pumpkin, tomato, and strawberry mix by cold extrusion was higher than that by conventional extrusion. Total flavonoid content was highest (18.82 mg/g) in extruded green tea by conventional extrusion. Total carotenoid content decreased in extruded pumpkin but increased in extruded tomato. Tomato extrudates with cold extrusion had higher lycopene content than conventional extrusion. Anthocyanin content of conventional extruded strawberry was higher than that of cold extrudates. Total chlorophyll contents decreased through the extrusion process.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1176-1184
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• 2017

The contents of inorganic and functional components in the organic Cheongyang pepper, tomato, and strawberry were compared with those of the conventional produce. The analyzed functional components were total phenol, total flavonoid, vitamin C, vitamin E, ${\beta}-carotene$, and capsaicin in Cheongyang peppers; lycopene in tomatoes; and anthocyanin in strawberries. The analyzed inorganic components were total N, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P. The total phenol contents of Cheongyang peppers and tomatoes were 14% and 30% higher, respectively, in the organic vegetables than the conventional ones, whereas strawberries had 13% higher components than the conventional ones. The total flavonoid contents of the Cheongyang peppers and tomatoes were 11% and 29% higher, respectively, than in the conventional produce, but those of the strawberries were 100% higher than in conventional strawberries. Vitamins were mostly higher in organic cultivation products, but there was no significant difference. The ${\beta}-carotene$ content was 22% higher in organic tomatoes, but conventional strawberries and peppers had more ${\beta}-carotene$ than the organic types did. The contents of capsaicin and lycopene were no different between the various cultivations, while anthocyanin was higher in the conventional cultivation. Analysis of inorganic components did not differ between cultivation methods for peppers and tomatoes, and the total N, K, and P contents were higher by 20-28% in the conventional cultivation. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, and P were 16-29% higher in the conventional cultivation of strawberries. Depending on the crops, there were many syntheses of functional components in the organic cultivation. This was thought to be due to nutrients and environmental stress.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2017

This paper describes in detail proximate composition, nutritional profile, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial potential, and antihemolytic activity (towards human erythrocytes) of various fractions of wild Ganoderma lucidum. Proximate analysis established that wild G. lucidum comprises about $87.02{\pm}5.45%$ of moisture, and the remaining part is a rich source of proteins ($8.59{\pm}0.37%$), crude fiber ($54.21{\pm}1.2%$), and carbohydrate (35.16%) with smaller fat content (3.33 %). Similarly, phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids ($217.51{\pm}0.30mg/g$), ascorbic acid ($116{\pm}7.32mg/g$), phenolics ($360.72{\pm}34.07mg/g$), ${\beta}$-carotenes ($0.42{\pm}0.04{\mu}g/g$), and lycopene ($0.05{\pm}0.00{\mu}g/g$). Extracts of wild G. lucidum in various solvents provided first line protection against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida in the order of ethyl acetate> ethanol> methanol> n-hexane> water. Furthermore, aqueous and methanolic extracts of wild G. lucidum were found to be safe towards human erythrocytes. Overall, wild mushroom (G. lucidum) was found to be a good source of dietary supplements, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the pursuance of its commercial utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2016

Snake tomato (Trichosanthes cucumerina) has been cultivated and used as a replacement for Lycopersicum esculentum in many Asian and African diets. Matured T. cucumerina fruits were harvested at different ripening stages and separated into coats and pulps for analyses to determine their suitability for use in culinary. They were analyzed for the nutritional composition and antioxidant potential using different biochemical assays [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power] and antioxidative enzymes activities. The nutritional composition revealed that T. cucumerina contains over 80% water and is very rich in fiber, thus it can serve as a good natural laxative. The lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene contents were especially high in the ripe pulp with values of $21.62{\pm}1.22$ and $3.96{\pm}0.14mg$/100 g, respectively. The ascorbic acid content was highest in the pulp of unripe fruit with a value of $56.58{\pm}1.08mg$/100 g and significantly (P<0.05) decreased as ripening progressed. The antioxidant potential of the fruits for the 3 assays showed that unripe pulp> ripe coat> ripe pulp> unripe coat. There were decreases in the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) activities, with the exception of catalase, as ripening progressed in the fruits. These decreased activities may lead to the softening of the fruit during ripening. Harnessing the antioxidative potential of T. cucumerina in culinary through consumption of the coats and pulps will alleviate food insecurity and help maintain good health among many dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.