• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1005-1012
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• 2009

Lysozyme and the reduction of metabisulfite addition to red wine were evaluated during a winemaking process and after malolactic fermentation (MLF). Treatment, with lysozyme, of the must from Tempranillo grapes and at the end of alcoholic fermentation (AF) caused the 100% implantation of the inoculated bacterial strain and shortened the duration of MLF by 7 days. At the end of the MLF, wines treated with lysozyme showed lower volatile acidity, color intensity, and biogenic amine content. The differences in color intensity disappeared during wine stabilization. The lysozyme addition after MLF led to lower histamine concentrations in wines. These phenomena occurred irrespective of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) proliferation control and of the Oenococcus oeni dominant strain identified at this period. The results of this study show the significance of preventive use of lysozyme in vinification of red wine to maintain low histamine levels and ensure a successful implantation of inoculated O. oeni starters.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2014

Biodiesel as alternative fuels has been widely studied due to biodiesel merits such as lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. But biodiesels could be easily oxidized by several conditions. In this study, various antioxidants such as propyl gallate, TBHA, TBHQ, DTBHQ, butyl-amin, aniline and pyrogallol were added in the biodiesel produced by the used cooking oil, then the material property test and the vehicle emissions test were conducted in accordance with test method. From the results of material property test, all antioxidants were suitable for the quality standard of density and kinematic viscosity, but Propyl gallate and Pyrogallol, as a type of Gallate additives, showed that the result of TAN increased rapidly according to the increase of the amount of additives. In the oxidation stability test, TBHQ, Butyl-amine and Aniline showed the excellent oxidation stability. Also, when considering the material property test, TBHQ was verified to the most excellent additives. In case of the vehicle emissions test, the testing was conducted by using the biodiesel added by TBHQ and was conducted by using two light duty diesel vehicles suitable for the EURO 4 and EURO 5 emission regulation. The result of testing showed that when the TBHQ was added, the amounts of CO, NOx and NMHC+NOx were decreased but the amount of $CO_2$ was increased.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

Aceclofenac is an non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug which has been used in the treatment of rheumatoidal rthritis and osteo-arthritis. In order to decrease the gastric ulcerogenic effects and contol the plasma level of aceclofenac, we have developed the transdermal delivery system of aceclofenac plaster, which were formulated employing matrix polymers of acrylates and penetration-enhancers such as $Lauroglycol^{\circledR}$, $Transcutol^{\circledR}$, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a rat skin, transdermal penetration characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of aceclofenac and diclofenac, an active metabolite, in the receptor compartment of pH 7.2 phosphate buffered solution. Skin penetration was increased when the content of aceclofenac increased, showing the flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of 0.37 and 2.50 for 2% and 6.75% of the content, respectively. The flux$(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ from plasters made of $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 were 2.50, 2.77 and 4.39, respectively. $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074 showed the lowest penetration due to the carboxylic acid group in the polymer, which might form a strong hydrogen bonding with a secondary amine of aceclofenac. Although both $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 are amine-resistant adhesives, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 872510 showed lower penetration than $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 because of the hydroxyl group in $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510, which might form a weak hydrogen bonding with aceclofenac. These results reveal that the functional group in acrylic polymers would greatly affect the release of aceclofenac from the matrix, which is the rate-limiting step in the penetration of aceclofenac through rat skins. The penetration of aceclofenac from plasters using different penetration-enhancers increased in the following order: Transcutol < linoleic acid < oleic acid. And the flux from the plasters containing oleic acid as a penetrationenhancer was 2.22 times greater than that of creams, which suggest that a newly deveolped aceclofenac plaster could be used in the treatment of rheumatoidal arthritis and osteo-arthritis as an advanced transdermal delivery system.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.599-607
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• 2015

발효옻 추출물이 장류, 발효식초, 일부 주류에 사용 가능하게 됨에 따라 추출물이 된장의 숙성 중 일반성분, 유리아미노산, biogenic amine (BA), 유기산, 유리당 함량에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 아미노질소 함량은 무첨가구 609.37 mg/100 g이었던 반면 첨가구는 781.11-885.87 mg/100 g으로 무첨가구보다 28.2-45.4% 높았다. 추출물 첨가에 의해서 감칠맛을 가지고 있는 glutamic acid는 1.3-1.5배, 단맛을 가지고 있는 alanine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine은 각각 1.3-2.3, 1.2-1.3, 1.1-1.2, 1.3-1.9배, 약한 쓴맛을 가지고 있는 leucine, isoleucine, valine은 1.2-1.3, 1.3-1.7, 1.3-1.6배 증가하였다. BA의 총량은 대조구 172.3, 첨가구 81.7-163.2 mg/100 g으로 대조구보다 5.3-52.6% 낮았다. 주요 BA 성분은 tyramine으로 총량의 55.1-74.6%를 차지하고 있었고 putrescine, spermidine, tryptamine, cadaverine 순이었으며 추출물 첨가에 의해서 각각 1.7-3.4, 1.0-9.4, 1.1-2.9, 0.9-2.2, 1.8-3.5배 낮아졌다. 유기산 총량은 대조구 661.6, 첨가구 785.7-891.7 mg/100 g으로 첨가구가 대조구보다 1.2-1.3배 높았다. 추출물 첨가에 의해서 젖산은 큰 변화가 없었던 반면 초산은 대조구 79.1, 첨가구 104.2-182.9 mg/100 g으로 1.3-2.3배 증가하였다. 유리당 총량은 대조구 163.4, 첨가구 206.6-276.8 mg/100 g으로 1.3-1.9배 증가되었으며, 주요 유리당은 mannose와 glucose이었고 sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, fructose, isomaltose는 검출되지 않았다.

• 분석과학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2016

고정화 지지체로 사용된 실리카 나노입자와 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자에 작용기를 부착시켜 기능성을 부가한 후 효소인 리파아제를 고정화하여 리파아제의 안정성을 향상시키고자 연구를 수행하였다. 지지체에 부착하는 작용기가 고정화된 효소의 활성과 안정성에 미치는 영향도 살펴보았다. 실리카 나노입자와 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자에 부착한 작용기인 epoxy group과 amine group은 glycidyl methacrylate과 aminopropyl triethoxysilane을 통해 실리카 나노입자와 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자 표면에 각각 부착하였다. 작용기가 부착된 실리카 나노입자와 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자에 고정화한 Candida rugosa lipase는 자유효소에 비해 초기반응속도는 다소 낮았지만, 3 회 재사용한 후 측정한 활성이 최초 활성 대비 92 % 이상의 활성을 유지하였다. 또한, 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자에 glutaraldehyde를 이용한 cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) 방법과 공유결합법을 통해 라파아제를 각각 고정화한 연구를 수행한 결과, 실리카 나노입자와 실리카 코팅된 자성 나노입자에 CLEA 방법과 공유결합법으로 각각 고정화한 Candida rugosa lipase는 자유효소에 비해 초기반응속도 뿐만 아니라 최종 활성도 높았고, 5 회 재사용한 후 측정한 활성이 최초 활성 대비 73 % 이상의 활성을 유지하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and nutritional requirements for the industrialization of commercial kwamegi from Pacific herring Clupea pallasii (CK-PH). The proximate composition of CK-PH was 46.4-47.2% moisture, 24.7-25.6% crude protein, 23.6-25.2% crude lipid, and 2.5-2.9% ash, which differed significantly from that of commercial kwamegi from the Pacific saury Cololabis saira. According to the volatile basic nitrogen content, heavy metal content, and viable cell and coliform group counts, products K and F (prepared by a general process) maintained their freshness, whereas product T (treated with green tea extract) did not. Products K and F contained five types of biogenic amine: agmatine sulfate (2,596 and 2,067 mg/kg, respectively), putrescine dihydrochloride (8.5 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively), cadaverine (3.7 and 3.9 mg/kg, respectively), histamine (17.0 and 12.4 mg/kg, respectively), and spermidine (8.7 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively). Product T contained six amine types: tyramine (12.5 mg/kg), agmatine sulfate (2,723 mg/kg), putrescine dihydrochloride (29.4 mg/kg), cadaverine (321.6 mg/kg), histamine (45.3 mg/kg), and spermidine (13.6 mg/kg). The total amino acid content of product K (22.16/100g) was 5.8% lower than that of product F. The major amino acids of products K and F were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, and lysine. No difference was found in the fatty acid composition of products K and F. The major fatty acids in products K and F were 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. Based on the recommended daily dietary allowances for Koreans, the significant minerals in products K and F were calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2015

금속 배선형성 재료가 구리로 대체됨에 따라 다마신(damascene) 공정이 도입되었고, 과증착된 구리를 화학적 기계적 평탄화(Chemical Mechanical Polishing, CMP) 방식을 통해 제거하는 구리 화학적 기계적 평탄화 공정이 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 중성영역 구리 화학적 기계적 평탄화 공정용 슬러리의 구성 요소 중 하나인 부식 방지제에 아미노기($-NH_2$)와 카르복실기(-COOH)를 부착시켜 그에 따른 영향성을 확인하고자 하였다. 1H-1,2,4-트리아졸(1H-1,2,4-triazole)을 기준 부식방지제로 선정하여 식각속도, 제거속도 및 화학적 식각력을 측정한 결과 아미노기는 높은 구리 식각 능력을 보여주는 반면, 카르복실기는 부식방지제 효과가 증대되어 기본 부식방지제보다 낮은 식각 능력을 보여주었다. 이는 높은 제거속도가 필요한 1차 구리 화학적 기계적 평탄화 공정에는 아미노기가, 높은 구리 제거속도/식각속도 비를 필요로 하는 2차 구리 화학적 기계적 평탄화 공정에는 카르복실기가 적합하다는 결론을 보여준다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2012

2,2-Bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane 와 방향족 디이미드-디카르복실산을 thionyl chloride, triethyl amine 및 NMP 하에서 직접 중축합하여 trifluoromethyl group을 포함하는 일련의 poly(hydroxyamide)s(PHAs)를 제조 하였다. PHAs은 $35^{\circ}C$ DMAc 용액에서 0.54-0.96 dL/g의 고유점도를 보였다. 모든 PHAs은 여러 종류의 유기용매에 쉽게 용해되었으나, PBOs은 황산에 부분적으로 용해되는 것을 제외하고, 전혀 용해되지 않았다. PHAs은 열적고리화 반응에 의해서 흡열과 함께 PBOs로 전환되었다. PHAs의 최대 중량손실온도는 $559-567^{\circ}C$의 영역을 보였고, poly(benzoxazole imide)s(PBOs)은 47-59%의 비교적 높은 char 수득율을 보였다. PBOs의 Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter(PCFC) 결과에서 12-19 W/g의 HRR 과 2.7-3.6 kJ/g의 total HR을 보였다. PBO 1의 HRR은 PBO 3 의 HRR (19 W/g)보다 37 % 낮은 12 W/g의 가장 낮은 값을 보였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.261-270
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• 1985

수분활성도(水分活性度)가 분유(粉乳)의 비효소적(比酵素的) 갈변반응(褐變反應)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 밝히기 위(爲)하여 전지분유(全脂粉乳)와 탈지분유(脫脂粉乳)를 각각(各各) $55^{\circ}C$에서 저장(貯藏)하면서 이때 발생(發生) 또는 소멸(消滅)되는 $O_2,\;CO_2$ 및 $H_2O$를 Gas Chromatograph에 의해 측정(測定)하였고. Maillard 반응(反應)에 의해서 생성(生成)된 갈색화(褐色化) 정도(程度)는 Reflective Spectrophotometer로 측정(測定)하였으며, 저장기간(貯藏期間)에 따른 $O_2,\;CO_2$, 갈변화(褐變化)의 관계(關係)를 회귀(回歸) 방정식(方程式)으로 얻었다. 즉, 저장기간(貯藏期間)동안 수분활성도(水分活性度)가 0.4 이상(以上) 갈변물질(褐變物質)과 이취생성(異臭生成)도 증가(增加)하였으며, 전지(全脂) 및 탈지분유(脫脂粉乳) 모두 수분활성도(水分活性度)가 0.33과 0.44사이에서는 큰 변화(變化)를 나타내지 않았다. Carbonyl-amine 반응(反應)에 의해 일어나는 갈색화(褐色化)는 탈지분유(脫脂粉乳)보다 전지분유(全脂粉乳)가 높았으며, 효소(酵素)는 갈색(褐色)과 이취(異臭)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.770-781
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• 2021

Objective: Chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is sensitive for detecting solid-like proteins and may detect changes in the levels of mobile proteins and peptides in tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of chemical exchange proton pools using the CEST MRI technique in patients with dementia. Materials and Methods: Our institutional review board approved this cross-sectional prospective study and informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study included 41 subjects (19 with dementia and 22 without dementia). Complete CEST data of the brain were obtained using a three-dimensional gradient and spin-echo sequence to map CEST indices, such as amide, amine, hydroxyl, and magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR_asym) values, using six-pool Lorentzian fitting. Statistical analyses of CEST indices were performed to evaluate group comparisons, their correlations with gray matter volume (GMV) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Amine signals (0.029 for non-dementia, 0.046 for dementia, p = 0.011 at hippocampus) and MTR_asym values at 3 ppm (0.748 for non-dementia, 1.138 for dementia, p = 0.022 at hippocampus), and 3.5 ppm (0.463 for non-dementia, 0.875 for dementia, p = 0.029 at hippocampus) were significantly higher in the dementia group than in the non-dementia group. Most CEST indices were not significantly correlated with GMV; however, except amide, most indices were significantly correlated with the MMSE scores. The classification power of most CEST indices was lower than that of GMV but adding one of the CEST indices in GMV improved the classification between the subject groups. The largest improvement was seen in the MTR_asym values at 2 ppm in the anterior cingulate (area under the ROC curve = 0.981), with a sensitivity of 100 and a specificity of 90.91. Conclusion: CEST MRI potentially allows noninvasive image alterations in the Alzheimer's disease brain without injecting isotopes for monitoring different disease states and may provide a new imaging biomarker in the future.