• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2006

In order to study the effect of feeding rare earth(RE) on growth of broiler chicks, feed conversion ratio, and probable harmfulness of feeding high levels of RE, two feeding trials with broiler chicks were conducted; one using a commercial broiler compound feed and the other using a self mixed feed excluding any growth stimulating feed additives. The the first trial used three hundred sixty of one day old Cobb broiler chicks for six levels of dietary supplementation of RE : 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 mg/kg. There were significant effect of RE stimulating broiler chick growth and improving feed conversion ratio, The dietary supplementation of RE at a level of 100 mg/kg was the best of all and increased body weight gain by 8.9% (p<0.05). Chicks fed RE at a level of 1,600 mg/kg grew as good as chicks fed feeds without RE and did not show my abnormalities. The second feeding trial was conducted in the same manner as the first trial using Ross broiler chicks and self-mixed experimental diets supplemented with RE at levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg. Differently from Results of the first trial, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of were the best at the level of 50 mg/kg RE supplementation(p<0.05). In this trial all the birds fed RE showed significantly lower ratio of abdominal fat against live weight than those of the control group birds. Overall, it can be said that dietary supplementation of RE will improve broiler growth and feed conversion ratio and the proper dietary level would be $50\sim100mg/kg$. These results suggested that the proper level of RE for broiler chicks would be 50 to 100 mg/kg and its effectiveness is varied depending upon RE mixture. There appears abdominal fat of broiler chicks is decreased by feeding RE but further investigation is in need.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Postoperative hypoxemia in the absence of hypoventilation occurs more often after thoracic or upper abdominal surgery than lower abdominal operations or surgery on extremities. Although the factors which produce postoperative alveolar collapse have not been fully evaluated, the dominant factor of postoperative hypoxemia is shunt of blood passing collapsed alveoli and the postoperative pain is associated with restriction of depth of breathing, sighing and movement. In 1979, the first successful clinical usage of epidurally administered morphine for control of postoperative pain was reported by Behar and associates. This study was carried out for twenty patients who received posterolateral thoracostomy with bleb resection between May 1990 and May 1991 and who were primary spontaneous recurrent pneumothoraxes under general endotracheal anesthesia. For the relief of post-thoracotomy pain following of the general anesthesia, we selected ten patients as control group which were treated intermittently IM with injection of pethidine(50 mg) according to the conventional method and another ten patients as study group which were managed with thoracic epidural analgesia. The tip of the catheter was inserted to T4-5 epidural space through T12-L1 or L1-2 interspinous region before the induction of the general anesthesia and then the epidural analgesics(0.25% bupivacaine 15 ml+morphine 3 mg) was injected once a day via the catheter until 4 th POD in the study group. The epidural catheters were removed at postoperative 4 th day in study group. Clinical observations were done about vital signs, ABG, tidal volume, FVC and occurence of adverse effects during postoperative 2hr, 8hr, 1st day, 2nd day, 7th day in both groups. The results were as follows; (1) The values of $V_T$ and FVC were significantly improved in study group(85% and 66%) as compared with control group(76% and 61%) during the postoperative 4 day of the epidural analgesia. (2) After the end of the epidural analgesia(7th POD), the values of FVC were improved invertly rather in control group(98%) than study group(84%). It suggested that the reduction of FVC in study group were caused by the raised pain sensitivity following the end of epidural analgesia. (3) The side effects of epidural analgesia such as transient urinary retention(2 cases), itching sensation(1) and headache(1) were noted.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.261-275
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• 2013

This study was designed to investigate the relationships of depressed mood with obesity, blood and urinary compositions, and dietary habits in Koreans at the age of 40, a critical transition to the middle adulthood stage. A total of 27,684 people who have taken the Life Transition Period Health Examination at the Korea Association of Health Promotion in 2011 were divided into two groups; the depressed mood group (DG) and the non-depressed group (NG) according to results of the primary questionnaire for mental health. The results were analyzed using the health examination criteria of the National Health Insurance Corporation. Women and medicaid recipients showed higher incidence of depressed mood than men and health insurance subscribers. People with underweight in BMI or abdominal obesity showed correlation with depressed mood, while there was no significant relationship with metabolic syndrome. Regarding blood and urinary compositions, DG was related to a higher level of hemoglobin and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, although the relationships diminished after adjustment for other confounder effects. According to dietary habits, more people in DG were categorized as a group for "Needs Much Improvement", and the odds ratio of the depressed mood showed a significant increase. Significant difference regarding the frequency of food items such as milk products, animal proteins, Kimchi, and fruits was observed between DG and NG. In addition, a higher portion of subjects in DG did not consume regular meals and various kinds of food. In conclusion, the depressed mood of 40 year-old adults was significantly related to underweight, higher waist measurement, and undesirable dietary habits. Results of our study can be applicable as a basic resource for development of effective nutrition counseling and education programs for improvement of mental health promotion during the critical transition to the middle adulthood stage.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.120-135
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• 2000

Objective ; The purpose of this study is to find out the constitutional symptomatic pattern of Soyangin and Taeumin through investigation of difference between two groups in stroke. Method ; 70 inpatients(Soyangin 31, Taeumin 39) in stroke, admitted into Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital from 1. July. 1999 to 20. Sept. 1999, were investigated through questionnare which consists of 16 parts 155 questions, and the problems which have significant difference between Soyangin and Taeumin group were analyzed statistically. Result 1. The analysis of general characteristic difference between Soyangin and Taeumin group (1) The number of Soyangin patients is 31, Taeumin 39 and the number of Male patients 43, Female 27. (2) The mean weight of Taeumin group is heavier than that of Soyangin group and the degree of obesity of Taeumin group higher. (3) The number of patients who have smoking history is more at Soyangin group. (4) In neurological problem, dizziness is more complained of in Soyangin group. 2. The analysis about the result of Questionnare (1) In problems related with 'Sleeping', the time of going to bed and getting up and the duration of sleeping are more irregular in Taeumin group. (2) In problems related with 'Defecation', the shape of stool is more variable in Taeumin group. (3) In problems related with 'Urination', Soyangin group have more complaint. (4) In problems related with 'The condition of digestion', Taeumin group have a good appetite and more compalint in lower abdominal region, but on the contrary Soyangin group lose appetite and have more complaint in upper abdominal region. (5) In problems related with 'Head and Face', Soyangin group have more complaint. (6) In problems related with 'Eye, Ear and Nose', Soyangin group have more complaint at eye and ear. (7) In promlems related with 'Chest region', Soyangin group easily feel choked up and Taeumin group heart throbs. (8) In problems related with 'Skin', Taeumin group easily feel change of color tone at skin and Soyangin group dry.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.250-258
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• 1993

Background: After general anesthesia, decrease of functional residual capacity and lung compliance, ventilation/perfusion imbalance, and transpulmonary shunting can provoke hypoxemia during postoperative periods. Diaphragmatic dysfunction may be the main cause of these physiological abnormalities. Thus, we evaluated the change of pulmonary function after general anesthesia according to the operative sites, which could suggest clinical course and critical period of respiratory care of postoperative patients. Method: Preoperative portable spirometric evaluation and arterial blood gas analysis were performed at sitting or most-sitting position just previous day of surgery. Pulmonary function tests were also as same condition from postoperative day 1 to day 5. Results: 1) For thoracic surgery, FEV1 and FVC were not recovered at day 5, but FEV1/FVC was not decreased. $PaCO_2$ was slightly elevated at postoperative one day. 2) After upper abdominal surgery, postoperative day 5 did not show the recovery of FEV1 and FVC, but mild hypoxemia was developed at postoperative day 1. 3) Pulmonary function was recovered as preoperative value at postoperative day 5 in lower abdominal operation, but mild hypoxemia was also noted at postoperative day 1. 4) Surgery of peripheral areas did not show significant pulmonary function change and hypoxemia and hypercapnia from postoperative day 1. Conclusion: Surgery involving diaphragm provoke significant postoperative pulmonary function change after day 5. For the operation of peripheral sites adequate respiratory care during operation and postoperative period within 24 hours could prevent patients from respiratory complication.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1118-1123
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• 2003

Purpose : Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ purpura(HSP) is a systemic vasculitis, characterized by cutaneous purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgia and renal involvement. The clinical features of HSP have been reasonably well documented but there are still many gaps in our understanding of HSP. The aim of this study was to present the clinical features of 125 children with HSP and compare them with previous reports, placing particular emphasis on clinical information. Methods : We collected the clinical data of 125 patients with acute HSP who visited Chungbuk National University Hospital from March 1992 to April 2002. Data were expressed as the mean or $mean{\pm}SD$ and statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square approximation. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results : The patient population consisted of 87 boys and 38 girls ranging in age from one to 14 years. HSP occurs throughout the year, but this study shows seasonal skewing, with most patients presenting from fall through spring and a paucity of cases in summer. All patients had non-thrombocytopenic purpura concentrated on the buttocks and lower extremities. Purpuric lesions were also scattered on the arms and occaisionally on the face and ears, but the trunk was largely spared. A recurrence of purpura was defined as the reappearance of a rash or other symptoms following resolution of disease for at least two weeks. The mean number of recurrences was 0.51. Eighty eight patients(70.4%), 18 patients(14.4%) and 67 patients(53.6%) complained of abdomianl pain, gastrointestinal bleeding and arthralgia, respectively. Nephritis occurred in 48(38.4%) patients. Fifteen boys (17.2%) developed epididymitis. Neurologic features occurred in 13(10.4%) and two(15%) of these were seizures. Conclusion : HSP all showing purpura as defined is characterized by various clinical features, including abdominal pain, arthralgia, epididymitis and nephritis which could occur before the appearance of purpura. Therefore, we suggest that the possibility of HSP should be considered in children before invasive procedures, even if the above symptoms and signs present without purpura.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Purpose: Alvarado scoring system was evaluated regarding its usefulness for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adult and in reduction of the incidence of negative appendicectomies. To evaluate the accuracy of diagnosing appendicitis using the Alvarado score in children. Methods: Prospectively, we surveyed 122 patients (male 67, female 55) suffering from abdominal pain, who had visited to the emergency department of Chosun University Hospital from June 2002 to May 2003. The Alvarado score has been computed from the white blood cell count, neutrophil count, body temperature, resistance in the right lower quadrant, length of symptoms, nausea and vomiting. Each patient was evaluated by a pediatric resident and then by a general surgeon independently. Results: Out of 170 total children who visited to the emergency department due to abdominal pain, 122 patients were associated with appendicitis. A total of 122 patients (67 male and 55 female) were visited to the emergency room with suspected appendicitis. From 105 operated patients, 92 (87.6%) were diagnosed acute appendicitis and erronous diagnostic rate was 12.4%, pathologically. Mean alvarado score of appendicitis group was $5.40{\pm}1.24$ whereas those of non-appendicitis group was $3.73{\pm}1.82$ (p<0.05). From 6 Alvarado score high sensitivity (86.4%) and high specificity (80.0%) were observed. Sensitivity of ultrasonography or computed tomography was 92.5%. Conclusion: We found that Alvarado score system is a noninvasive, safe diagnostic method, which is simple, reliable and repeatable. Alvarado score is useful system for a first, rapid and economic evaluation for the appendicitis in children.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to study the sparing effects of animal proteins on weight gain, nutrients utilizability and economic analysis of broiler. Experiment diet contained different ratio of animal and plant protein and were supplemented different levels of methionine and lysine for the respective protein levels. A total of 264 broiler chicks were fed four diets of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for 42 days from April 7, 1990 to May 19, 1990. Dietary protein levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for starter and finisher were 20~18, 18~16, 18~16 and 22~20%, respectively. Methionine and lysine levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 0.4~1.1, 0.44~1.21, 0.48~1.32 and 0.48~1.32% for starter diet, respectively, and were 0.32~0.90. 0.35~0.99, 0.38~1.08 and 0.38~1.08% for finisher diet, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The birds fed control diet gained most for overall period. $T_3$ treatment which was high in protein, methionine and lysine levels gained most for finisher period. 2 The birds fed control diet consumed most feed, and the birds fed T$_3$ diet consumed least feed. for overall period. Feed conversion during 1~4 weeks was better in $T_1$ (1.51) and $T_2$ (1.53) than in control (1.61) and $T_3$ (1.63) . During 4~6weeks, feed conversion was better in $T_3$ (1.37) and control(1.58) than T, (2.05) and T, (2.16) (P＜0.01) 3. Dry matter, crude fiber and NFE utilizability were increased for 1~4 weeks and decreased for 4~6 weeks as methionine and lysine levels increased and crude protein utilizability tended to be increased as protein levels increased. 4. Abdominal fat content was lowest in bird fed control diet and was high in birds fed low protein diet Carcass percentage was highest at control and the abdominal fat content was higher in bird fed lower protein diet than bird fed other protein diets(P＜0.05). 5. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lowest at $T_3$ which contained more soybean oil meal than other feeds and next was control. According to the results of this experiment, it was revealed that optimum protein, methionine and lysine levels for starter and finisher broiler diet were 20~18, 0.4~0.32 and 1.1~0.9%, respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroduodenal pathology and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: One hundred and seven pediatric patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were undergone endoscopy at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital from June 1990 to April 1991. Histopathologic examination was done by H & E staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen and gastritis was defined according to the Sydney System. Tissue H. pylori status was evaluated with the urease test using Christensen's urea broth and H & E or Warthin-Starry silver staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen. IgG Immunoblotting were also performed to detect specific anti-H. pylori antibody in these patients. Results: The reasons for endoscopy were recurrent abdominal pain, acute abdominal pain, sallow face, hunger pain, and frequent nausea. Variable degrees of gastric mucosal hyperemia were found in most of the patients. Gastric hemorrhagic spots, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, duodenal erosion, and hemorrhagic duodenitis were rare endoscopic findings. Histologic chronic gastritis was found in 88% of 107 patients. Histologic chronic duodenitis was observed in all 99 patients whose tissue were available. Gastric tissue H. pylori was positive in 57% of 107 patients by one of the ureasetest, H & E staining and Warthin-Starry silver staining. However, gastric tissue H. pylori detection rate was lower in the younger age groups. Anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies were detectable in 96% of 107 patients. Conclusion: Chronic gastroduodenitis and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody were ubiquitous in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2006

Purpose: The proper diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is difficult and delayed because of the variety of clinical manifestations. We reviewed clinical characteristics of symptomatic MD to facilitate early detection. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, histopathological findings, and operative findings in 58 patients with symptomatic MD. Results: The male to female ratio was 2.8 : 1. The most common symptom of MD was bleeding. Others symptoms included: vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, abdominal distension and fever in the order of frequency. The clinical manifestations of symptomatic MD were lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, perforation, diverticulitis and hemoperitoneum, in the order of frequency. The causes of intestinal obstruction were intussusception, internal hernia, band, volvulus, invagination, in the order of frequency. Seventy five percent of patient with MD were diagnosed prior to 5 years of age. The most frequently used diagnostic tool was the Meckel's scan. The diverticulum was located 2 cm to 120 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The length of the diverticulum ranged from 1 cm to 10 cm and 94% were less than 5 cm. The most common ectopic tissue found in the MD was gastric mucosa. Ileal resection was more frequently performed than diverticulectomy. Conclusion: In cases of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction and repeated intussusception, the meckel's scan, ultrasound and computed tomography shoud be considered to rule out MD, and if clinically necessary, an exploratory laparotomy when needed.