• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Colitis is a serious health problem, and chronic obesity is associated with the progression of colitis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of natural raw meal (NRM) on high-fat diet (HFD, 45%) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Body weight, colon length, and colon weight-to-length ratio, were measured directly. Serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined using commercial kits. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. Histological study was performed using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay. Colonic mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by RT-PCR assay. RESULTS: Body weight and obesity-related biomarkers (TG, TC, LDL, HDL, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin) were regulated and obesity was prevented in NRM treated mice. NRM significantly suppressed colon shortening and reduced colon weight-to-length ratio in HFD+DSS induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.05). Histological observations suggested that NRM reduced edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by HFD and DSS. In addition, NRM decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 and inhibited the mRNA expressions of these cytokines, and iNOS and COX-2 in colon mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NRM has an anti-inflammatory effect against HFD and DSS-induced colitis in mice, and that these effects are due to the amelioration of HFD and/or DSS-induced inflammatory reactions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.394-405
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• 1997

Endogenous zinc is important for maintaining zinc homeostasis because the size of endogenous zinc pool is almost 3-4 times bigger than that of dietary zinc. The purpose of this study was to examine the phytate effect on the reabsorption of endogenous zinc and the additional Ca effect on the phytate effect. Rats were fed a casein-based diet with added sodium phytate containing either high(1.6%) or low(0.8%) Ca concentrations for 4 weeks to reduce the body zinc pool. After the depletion period, $^{65}$ Zn was given by intraperitoneal injection to label the endogenous zinc pool. Rats were then assigned into phytate or non-phytate group within the same Ca group. feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection period and 1 week after dietary crossover. The ratios of excreted fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity of phytate group non-phytate group were determined as a measure of the phytate effect on the endogenous zinc. Mean fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group during the entire 3 weeks of the collection period in the low Ca group, and during the initial collection period in the high Ca group(p <0.0001). This study showed an adverse phytate effect on endogenous zinc at both high and low dietary Ca levels. Elevated dietary Ca levels showed a synergistic effect on the phytate effect on endogenous zinc(p <0.05). These results imply greater phytate effect on zinc homeostasis rather than on zinc bioavailability through complexing with the endogenous zinc which is larger portion than the dietary zinc on zinc homeostasis.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.511-523
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• 2013

This research involved a survey on the dietary patterns of children and adolescents living in group homes, to find out their wrong eating habits and to devise measures for correcting their problems. The BMIs of the subject children and adolescents in group homes were measured, and the result showed that although many of them appeared to have normal weights, about 42.2% were actually underweight. Most of them had meals regularly, three times a day at fixed times. However, half of them frequently skipped breakfast because of the lack of time in the morning. In addition, more than half of them had the habit of having imbalanced diets, especially with low vegetable intake. The score for their satisfaction toward meals at group homes were highest (3.97) with the taste of food, while it was relatively lower (3.61) with the variety of food than with the other items. The average score for their snack intake was 3.47, showing that the majority of them had the habit of eating snacks, while the largest portion (26.0%) of them preferred bread and cookies. According to the result of the analysis on their food intake, overall calorie intake was about 82~96% of estimated energy requirements, while that of the male subjects aged 12 or older was about 82% of the standard energy requirements. Their overall intake of calcium and potassium was lower than recommended nutrition intake, but sodium intake was higher than 3 times recommended intake. Especially, in addition to calcium and potassium, the male subjects aged 15 or older showed low intake of dietary fiber, iron, zinc, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C and folate also; whereas the female subjects aged 15 or older showed low intake of iron, zinc, riboflavin and folate also. Taken together, it was concluded that government level of dietary life-related support and management would be necessary for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents in group homes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.386-399
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• 2018

본 연구는 고혈압 및 당뇨병 치료 중인 환자 41명을 대상으로 한식 섭취가 12주간의 경과 과정에서 4차례의 방문(0주, 4주, 8주, 12주)을 통해 측정한 혈청 GGT, 혈압 및 glycemic control data, 심혈관계 위험지표 및 식이섭취의 변화를 비교 평가한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 연구대상자는 평균 연령은 $61.8{\pm}1.9$세로 한식군 (21명)의 경우 건강한 한식을 1일 3끼씩 12주간 제공된 식사를 섭취하였고, 대조군 (당뇨병 식이 가이드라인에 따른 관리교육을 받은 자) 20명은 평소 섭취하던 당뇨조절 식사를 그대로 유지하게 하였다. 2. 수축기혈압과 이완기혈압은 두군 간 유의한 차이를 확인할 수 없었으나 맥박수는 한식군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p = 0.007). 3. 당화혈색소 (HbA1c)는 한식군에서 연구 참여 전과 후 각각 $6.8{\pm}.2%$, $6.1{\pm}.2%$로 감소하고 대조군은 각각 $6.8{\pm}.2%$, $6.5{\pm}.2%$로 감소되어 한식군이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소폭이 컸다 (p = 0.004). 4. 혈청 GGT는 한식군에서 연구 참여 전과 후 각각 $28.8{\pm}4.5IU/L$, $19.8{\pm}3.2IU/L$로 감소하고 대조군은 각각 $30.0{\pm}4.1IU/L$, $33.9{\pm}5.0IU/L$로 증가되어 한식군이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p < 0.001). 5. 총콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방은 한식군에서 대조군에 비해 감소한 경향이었으나 두군 간 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 free fatty acid는 한식군에서 대조군 보다 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p = 0.002). 6. 신체계측 지표인 체중 (p = 0.002), 체질량지수 (p = 0.002), 체지방량 (p < 0.001), 체지방율 (p < 0.001)은 연구 참여 전에 비해 연구 참여 12주 후에 한식군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 7. 치료약물의 변화량은 두군 간 유의한 차이는 없었으나 한식군에서 대조군보다 많은 수의 환자가 실제로 고혈압, 당뇨병 및 고지혈증 치료 약물을 감량할 수 있었다. 8. 한식군은 연구 참여 동안에 전곡류의 밥, 채소류인 나물류, 김치 및 전통 콩발효식품 등의 섭취량은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다 (p < 0.001). 9. 한식군은 동물성식품에서 유래한 동물성 단백질 (p < 0.001), 지질 (p < 0.001) 및 콜레스테롤 (p = 0.034)의 섭취량은 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소한 반면, 총칼로리(p < 0.001), 엽산 (p < 0.001), 식이섬유 (p < 0.001), 나트륨(p < 0.001), 칼륨 (p < 0.001), 비타민 A, C, E (p < 0.001) 및 비타민 B류 (p < 0.001)의 섭취는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 적극적인 전곡류로 만든 밥을 중심으로 한 한식 섭취는 당뇨병 및 고혈압 환자에서 대사성질환 및 심혈관계질환 위험인자인 혈청 GGT, 맥박수, 혈당조절 지표 및 비만지표 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.146-157
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• 2009

Korean diet is high in plant foods but also high in salted vegetables. World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) recommends consumption of fruits and vegetables excluding salted vegetables for prevention cancer. This study aimed to analyze relations between intakes of salted and non-salted vegetables and socioeconomic factors, providing a data for targeted groups in promotion of fruits and vegetables consumption. Dietary and socioeconomic status data of the 5,400 subjects over 30 years of age from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANESIII) were used. Dietary intake data from KNHANESIII was obtained by one day 24-hour recall method. Mean daily intakes of salted vegetables, non-salted vegetables and fruits of subjects were 151 g, 237 g, and 71 g respectively. Mean daily intake of salted vegetables was significantly higher in men than women for daily amount (173 g vs. 133 g) as well as percentage of total food intake (9.9% vs. 9.6%). Subjects living in rural area consumed more salted vegetables. Salted vegetables as percent of total food were lower in subjects with higher education levels (p < 0.001). Intakes of non-salted vegetables were significantly affected by age and gender. Intake levels of fruit were significantly higher in younger groups, in females, and subjects with higher income and education levels (p < 0.05). Average intake of fruits and non-salted vegetables was 307 g, lower than WCRF recommended level of 400 g for personal guideline. Intake of salted vegetables was positively correlated with sodium intake (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.43) but less so with potassium (r = 0.16) and other micronutrients intake (r < 0.1). On the other hand, non-salted vegetables had higher correlations with potassium (r = 0.45), carotene (r = 0.38), vitamin A (r = 0.37), iron (r = 0.34) and low for sodium (r = 0.13). Fruits intake was highly correlated with vitamin C intake (r = 0.46). Proportion of subjects satisfying WCRF personal guideline of fruits and non-salted vegetables was 25.7%. Results of this study indicate that intake of salted vegetable is considerably high among Koreans, and it is highly correlated with sodium intake and less so with other micronutrients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to assess hospital foodservice quality and to identify causes of quality problems and improvement strategies. Based on the review of literature, hospital foodservice quality was defined and the Hospital Foodservice Quality model was presented. The study was conducted in two steps. In Step 1, nutritional standards specified on diet manuals and nutrients of planned menus, served meals, and consumed meals for regular, diabetic, and low-sodium diets were assessed in three general hospitals. Quality problems were found in all three hospitals since patients consumed less than their nutritional requirements. Considering the effects of four gaps in the Hospital Foodservice Quality model, Gaps 3 and 4 were selected as critical control points (CCPs) for hospital foodservice quality management. In Step 2, the causes of the gaps and improvement strategies at CCPs were labeled as "quality hazards" and "corrective actions", respectively and were identified using a case study. At Gap 3, inaccurate forecasting and a lack of control during production were identified as quality hazards and corrective actions proposed were establishing an accurate forecasting system, improving standardized recipes, emphasizing the use of standardized recipes, and conducting employee training. At Gap 4, quality hazards were menus of low preferences, inconsistency of menu quality, a lack of menu variety, improper food temperatures, and patients' lack of understanding of their nutritional requirements. To reduce Gap 4, the dietary departments should conduct patient surveys on menu preferences on a regular basis, develop new menus, especially for therapeutic diets, maintain food temperatures during distribution, provide more choices, conduct meal rounds, and provide nutrition education and counseling. The Hospital Foodservice Quality Model was a useful tool for identifying causes of the foodservice quality problems and improvement strategies from a holistic point of view.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating the dietary intakes of Korean adolescents affected by food insecurity, in comparison with those who were food secure. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study used one day 24-hour dietary recall data from the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 1,453 adolescents of whom 695 were middle school-aged and 758 were high school-aged. Food security status was assessed using the 18-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was evaluated in terms of nutrient density, insufficient intake, and excessive intake for selected nutrients, in addition to meeting the appropriate range for total energy intake and energy intakes from carbohydrate, sugar, protein, fat, and saturated fatty acids. Food intake was evaluated in terms of food group servings and dietary diversity score (DDS). RESULTS: The percentages of food insecurity were 11.1% for middle school-aged adolescents and 16.8% for high school-aged adolescents. Food insecure middle school-aged adolescents had higher intake of carbohydrate (P = 0.006) but lower intake of fat (P = 0.010) and saturated fatty acids (P = 0.005) than their food secure counterparts although the intake of both groups was in the recommended ranges. Nutrient intake among high school-aged adolescents was generally similar regardless of food security status. Both food secure and insecure adolescents showed insufficient intake of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium, and excessive sodium intake. They additionally had low prevalence of meeting appropriate intake ranges for energy, carbohydrate, and sugar. Food intake in terms of food group servings and DDS was also similar regardless of food security status among both age groups, with low intakes of foods from fruit and dairy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a few nutrients among the middle school-aged adolescents, dietary intakes among Korean adolescents did not differ by food security status in this study.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake status, according to the risk of diabetic complications in Type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis study that included 83 patients. The nutritional intake was assessed, using 24-hour dietary recall. The risk of diabetic complications was measured, using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire (MNSIQ). The nutritional intake was analyzed using the CAN-pro 4.0 program. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Independent t-test, using the SPSS WIN 26.0 program. Results: The mean FRS and MNSIQ scores for the participants was 14.46± 4.09 and 2.30± 2.22, respectively. Thirty two participants (38.6%) were in the high-risk groups for cardiovascular disease and peripheral neuropathy. The participants consumed high amounts of grain and low amounts of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products when compared to the recommended intake. However, the nutritional intake did not differ according to FRS or MNSIQ levels. Consumption of vegetables and fruits were significantly different between high and low risk groups of MNSIQ. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider the composition of dietary intake to improve the imbalanced diet in Type 2 diabetes patients and prevent diabetic complications. Type 2 diabetes patients should reduce the intake of grains and sodium, and increase vegetable intake. More deliberate future studies are needed, to investigate the relationship between food intake and the risk status for diabetic complication.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.578-588
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• 2008

본 연구는 경기지역 대학생 218명(남 95명; 여 123명)을 대상으로 DFQ를 이용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 조사하고 관련된 식행동을 비교, 평가하였다. 수축기와 이완기혈압, DFQ-15 점수와 DFQ-125에 의한 나트륨 섭취량(남 6094.2 mg; 여자 4760.7 mg)은 모두 남자에서 더 높았다(p<0.01). 전체대상자를 DFQ-15에 의해 고염과 저염 섭취군으로 분류한 결과, 두 집단의 혈압에는 차이가 없었으나 여자에서는 저염군의 수축기와 이완기혈압이 높았는데(p<0.05), 이는 여자 저염군에서 유의하게 높은 BMI 때문으로 생각된다. 고염 식태도 점수와 나트륨 섭취량은 고염군에서 매우 높았다(p<0.001). 식습관 비교 결과, 매일 단백질 음식을 먹거나 골고루 먹는 식습관 빈도는 저염군에서 높았으며(p<0.05), 튀김, 볶음요리 및 지방이 많은 육류를 자주 먹거나 식사시 소금과 간장을 더 넣는 부정적 식습관 빈도는 고염군에서 더 높았다(p<0.05). 고염군은 조린 음식 및 중식, 일식을 좋아하고 된장국을 자주 먹으며 튀김, 생선회는 간장에 듬뿍 적셔 먹는 고염 식태도 빈도가 높았으며, 식탁에서 소금을 잘 넣지 않는 저염 식행동 빈도는 낮았다(p<0.05). 나트륨 섭취량을 기준으로 분류한 고염군은 볶음밥 등 별미밥과 조린 음식을 좋아하고 식사 전 습관적으로 소금을 더 넣는 고염 식태도 문항 점수가 높았고, 라면 국물을 남기거나 식탁에서 소금을 추가로 잘 넣지 않는 저염 식행동 문항 점수는 낮았다(p<0.05). 한편, 전체대상자에서 식품구매 시 영양표시를 확인하는 군의 고염 식태도 점수, DFQ-15 점수, 나트륨 섭취량은 비확인군에 비하여 모두 유의하게 낮았으며 저염 식행동 점수는 높았다(p<0.01). 특히, 영양표시 비확인군의 나트륨 섭취량(5669.1 mg)은 확인군(4241.9 mg)의 133.6%에 달해 영양표시 확인여부가 고염섭취의 위험요인인 것으로 생각된다. 남, 여 각 집단과 전체대상자에서 자신이 짜게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 스스로 평가한 군이 그렇지않다고 한 군에 비하여 고염 식태도 점수는 높고 저염 식행동 점수는 낮았다(p<0.001). 하지만 여학생에서는 짜게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 답한 군의 나트륨 섭취가 매우 높은 반면, 남학생에서는 싱겁게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 답한 군의 나트륨 섭취가 매우 높아(p<0.05), 주관적으로 판단한 음식 간의 선호도가 실제 나트륨 섭취 수준을 잘 반영하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 남학생은 나트륨 섭취량이 여학생보다 높고 충분섭취량의 406.3%에 달해 고염 섭취의 위험군이라 할 수 있었다. 고염군의 식행동 특성에는 지방 함량이 높고 조린 음식을 좋아하고 식탁에서 소금 간을 자주하는 반면, 균형식을 실천하는 비율은 낮았다. 따라서 대학생 특히, 남학생을 위한 고혈압 영양교육에는 소금 감량에 관한 내용 외에도 기본적인 식품영양 지식과 올바른 식습관의 중요성 등에 관한 내용이 포함되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.938-946
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• 2017

Krill (Euphausia superba)과 NaF가 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐의 체중 및 장기 중량, 혈청 지질성분 및 단백질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 기본식이를 급여한 대조군인 BD군을 비롯하여 기본식이에 NaF 10 mg을 경구 투여한 BF군, 10%(KF10군), 20%(KF20군), 30%(KF30군)의 krill meal을 첨가 식이에 NaF 10 mg 경구 투여한 군으로 군당 6마리씩 5가지 군으로 나누어 5주간 사육한 결과는 다음과 같다. 흰쥐의 체중은 식이의 krill meal 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, 대조군인 BD군에 비해 NaF를 경구 투여한 BF군에서 낮게 관찰되었다. 각 장기무게에서의 변화는 간에서 BD군에 비해 NaF 경구 투여 군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 고환에서의 무게는 KF10군을 제외한 NaF 경구 투여 군에서 높은 것으로 관찰되었다. 심장, 폐, 뇌, 신장, 췌장에서의 각 군의 장기무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 혈청 중 total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, 혈당 농도는 대조군인 BD군보다 BF군에서 높았지만, krill meal 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, HDL cholesterol 농도는 BD군보다 BF군에서 낮았으며 krill meal 함량에 따라 점차 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 혈청 중 total protein은 각 군에서 유의적 차이(p<0.05)가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, albumin 농도와 albumin/globulin ratio는 BD군과 BF군은 비슷한 결과가 나타났으나 krill meal 섭취 군에서 감소되었다. Globulin 농도는 KF10군, KF20군, KF30군, BD군, BF군 순으로 높게 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 보아, krill meal 식이는 NaF 경구 투여한 흰쥐의 체중, 혈청 지질성분 및 혈당 조절 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.