• Advances in materials Research
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.391-416
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• 2024

Hybrid composite materials are widely used in various load-bearing structural components of micro - mini UAVs. However, the design of thin laminates for better impact resistance remains a challenge, despite the strong demand for lightweight structures. This work aims to assess the low-velocity impact (LVI) behaviour of thin quasi-isotropic woven carbon/ aramid epoxy hybrid laminates using experimental and numerical techniques. Drop tower impact test with 10 J and 15 J impact energies is performed on carbon/epoxy laminates having aramid layers at different sequences and locations. The impact behaviour is experimentally evaluated using force-time, force-deformation, and energy-time histories considering delamination threshold load, peak load, and laminate deflection. Ultrasonic C-scan is performed on the post-impact samples to analyse the insidious damage profile at different impact energies. The experimental data is further utilized to numerically simulate LVI behaviour by employing the representative volume element model. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Numerical and experimental approach predicts that the hybrid laminates with aramid layers at both impact and non-impact sides of the laminate exhibits significant improvement in the overall impact behaviour by having a subcritical damage morphology compared to carbon/epoxy laminate. A combined numerical-experimental approach is proposed for evaluating the effective impact performance.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2000

In this study a computer program is developed for analyzing the elasto-plastic dynamic behaviors of the plate subjected to line-loading by a low-velocity impactor. The equilibrium equation associated with the Hertzian contact law is formulated to evaluate the transient dynamic behaviour of the impacted plate. Compared with an elastic analysis, the effects of material plasticity are presented. Consequently, in the case of elasto-plastic analysys, impulse decreases, displacements increase and contact time duration is longer than the elastic case for same finite element model. And the time variation of the impacting load is not significant due to the plasticity except at the beginning of impact duration, and the induced stresses of the plate are more realistic.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.289-306
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• 2003

A series of tests was conducted to study the behaviour of steel-composite sandwich beams under low velocity hard impact. Damage characteristic and performance of sandwich beams with different spacing of shear connector were evaluated under impact loading. Thin steel plates were used as top and bottom skins of the sandwich beams and plain concrete was used as the core material. Shear connectors were provided by welding of angle sections on steel plates. The sandwich beams were impacted at their midpoint by a hemi-spherical nose shaped projectile dropped from various heights. Strains on steel plates were measured to study the effects of impact velocity or impact momentum on the performance of sandwich beams. Spacing of shear connectors is found to have significant effects on the impact response of the beams.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.129-134
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• 2003

The importance of understanding the response of structural composites to impact and CAI cannot be overstated to develop analytical models for impact damage and CAI strength predictions. This paper presents experimental findings observed from quasi-static lateral load tests, low velocity impact tests, CAI strength and open hole compressive strength tests using 3mm thick composite plates ($[45/-45/0/90]_{3s}$ - IM7/8552). The conclusion is drawn that damage areas for both quasi-static lateral load and impact tests are similar and the curves of several drop weight impacts with varying energy levels (between 5.4 J and 18.7 J) fallow the static curve well. In addition, at a given energy the peak force is in good agreement between the static and impact cases. From the CAI strength and open hole compressive strength tests, it is identified that the failure behaviour of the specimens was very similar to that observed in laminated plates with open holes under compression loading. The residual strengths are in good agreement with the measured open hole compressive strengths, considering the impact damage site as an equivalent hole. The experimental findings suggest that simple analytical models for the prediction of impact damage area and CAI strength can be developed on the basis of the failure mechanism observed from the experimental tests.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.525-538
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• 2023

This paper focuses on the energy absorption of lattice core sandwich structures of different configurations. The diamond lattice unit cell, which has been extensively investigated for energy absorption applications, is the starting point for this research. The energy absorption behaviour of sandwich structures with an expanded metal sheet as the core is investigated at low-velocity impact loading. Numerical simulations were carried out using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT and the results were thoroughly compared with the experimental results, which indicated desirable accuracy. A parametric analysis, using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), as a method for the design of experiments (DOE), was performed. The samples fabricated in three levels of parameters include 0.081, 0.145, and 0.562 mm² Cell sizes, and 0, 45, and 90-degree cell orientation, which were investigated. It was observed from experimental data that the angle of cells orientation had the highest degree of influence on the specific energy absorption. The results showed that the angle of cells orientation has been the most influential parameter to increase the peak forces. The results from using the design expert software showed the optimal specific energy absorption and peak force to be 1786 J/kg and 26314.4 N, respectively. The obtained R2 values and normal probability plots indicated a good agreement between the experimental results and those predicted by the model.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2016

In comparison to metal alloys, braided composite features a high impact resistance and crash energy absorption potential, and also it still remained competitive stiffness and strength properties. Braiding angle is one of the most important parameters which affect the mechanical behaviors of braided composite. This paper presents transverse low velocity impact failure behavior analysis on the carbon 3D triaxial braided composite tube with the braiding angle of $20^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$ and $80^{\circ}$. The flexural behaviour of 3D triaxial braided composite tube under bending loads was studied by conducting quasistatic three point bending test. Also, the low velocity impact responses of the braided composite tubes were also tested to obtain load-displacement curves and energy absorption. Consequently, the increase of the braided angle, the peak load also increases owing to the bigger bending stiffness.

• Composites Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

충격 시나 충격 후 압축 할 때 구조용 복합재의 거동에 대한 중요성은 충격 손상과 충격후압축강도 예측에 대한 해석적 모델을 개발하기 위해 간과될 수 없을 것이다. 본 연구는 3mm두께의 $[45/-45/0/90_{3s}$ - IM7/8552린복합재판들을 이용하여 준정적횡하중시험, 저속충격시험, 충격후압축강도시험 및 구멍이 있는 시편의 압축강도시험 등을 수행한 후 이로 부터 발견된 결과들을 제시하였다 준정적횡하중과 충격하중시험에서 발생한 손상면적들이 서로 유사하며. 또한 5.4 J 부터 18.7 J 까지의 다양한 에너지준위들을 가진 낙하충격 시험 곡선들과 정적시험 곡선들도 서로 유사하다는 결론을 얻었으며. 이때 주어진 에너지 준위에서 정적과 충격시의 최대하중 값들이 잘 일치한다는 사실을 확인 하였다. 충격 후 압축시험에 의한 시편들의 파괴거동이 압축하중하의 구멍이 있는 적층판에서 관찰된 파괴거동과 매우 유사하과는 사실도 확인 되었다. 충격손상 후 잔류강도는 충격손상 등가구멍이 있는 경우의 시편에서 측정된 압축 강도와 잘 일치 하였다. 이와 같은 실험적 연구 결과들은 충격손상면적과 충격후압축강도의 예측에 대한 단순만 해석모델들이 이들 시험결과들로부터 관찰된 파괴기구를 기초로 하여 개발될 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권2_3호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2006

This paper describes the results of an investigation into high mass-low velocity impact behaviour of reinforced concrete beams. Tests have been conducted on fifteen 2.7 m or 1.5 m span beams under drop-weight loads. A high-speed video camera has been used at rates of up to 4,500 frames per second in order to record the crack formation, propagation, particle spallation and scabbing. In some tests the strain in the reinforcement has been recorded using "Durham" strain gauged bars, a technique developed by Scott and Marchand (2000) in which the strain gauges are embedded in the bars, so that the strains in the reinforcement can be recorded without affecting the bond between the concrete and the reinforcement. The impact force acting on the beams has been measured using a load cell placed within the impactor. A high-speed data logging system has been used to record the impact load, strains, accelerations, etc., so that time histories can be obtained. This research has led to the development of computational techniques based on combined continuum/discontinuum methods (finite/discrete element methods) to permit the simulation of impact loaded reinforced concrete beams. The implementation has been within the software package ELFEN (2004). Beams, similar to those tested, have been analysed using ELFEN a good agreement has been obtained for both the load-time histories and the crack patterns.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권5호
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• pp.619-632
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• 2022

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures may be subjected to sudden dynamic impact loads such as explosions occurring for different reasons, the collision of masses driven by rockfall, flood, landslide, and avalanche effect structural members, the crash of vehicles to the highway and seaway structures. Many analytical, numerical, and experimental studies focused on the behavior of RC structural elements such as columns, beams, and slabs under sudden dynamic impact loads. However, there is no comprehensive study on the behavior of the RC column-beam connections under the effect of sudden dynamic impact loads. For this purpose, an experimental study was performed to investigate the behavior of RC column-beam connections under the effect of low-velocity impact loads. Sixteen RC beam-column connections with a scale of 1/3 were manufactured and tested under impact load using the drop-weight test setup. The concrete compressive strength, shear reinforcement spacing in the beam, and input impact energy applied to test specimens were taken as experimental variables. The time histories of impact load acting on test specimens, accelerations, and displacements measured from the test specimens were recorded in experiments. Besides, shear and bending crack widths were measured. The effect of experimental variables on the impact behavior of RC beam-column connections has been determined and interpreted in detail. Besides, a finite element model has been established for verification and comparison of the experimental results by using ABAQUS software. It has been demonstrated that concrete strength, shear reinforcement ratio, and impact energy significantly affect the impact behavior of RC column-beam connections.