• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.451-460
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• 2006

Since low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have important advantages over geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) systems such as low propagation delay, low power requirements, and more efficient spectrum allocation due to frequency reuse between satellites and spotbeams, they are considered to be used to complement the existing terrestrial fixed and wireless networks in the evolving global mobile network. However, one of the major problems with LEO satellites is their higher speed relative to the terrestrial mobile terminals, which move at lower speeds but at more random directions. Therefore, handover management in LEO satellite networks becomes a very challenging task for supporting global mobile communication. Efficient and accurate methods are needed for LEO satellite handovers between the moving footprints. In this paper, we propose a new seamless handover management scheme for LEO satellites (SeaHO-LEO), which utilizes the handover management schemes aiming at decreasing latency, data loss, and handover blocking probability. We also present another interesting handover management model called satellite mobility pattern based handover management in LEO satellites (PatHO-LEO) which takes mobility pattern of both satellites and mobile terminals into account to minimize the handover messaging traffic. This is achieved by the newly introduced billboard manager which is used for location updates of mobile users and satellites. The billboard manager makes the proposed handover model much more flexible and easier than the current solutions, since it is a central server and supports the management of the whole system. To show the performance of the proposed algorithms, we run an extensive set of simulations both for the proposed algorithms and well known handover management methods as a baseline model. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms are very promising for seamless handover in LEO satellites.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.409-412
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• 2002

The LNA(Low Noise Amplifier) is designed for use in low cost commercial application covered fully IMT-2000 band(1920~2170MHz, BW=250MHz). It is optimized source inductance for source lead and designed to equivalent etched line. The LNA uses a high pass impedance matching network for noise match and simple structure. The bias circuit designs have been made self-biased with a negative voltage applied to gate. The power supply voltage is 8V, total current is 180mA. The LNA is biased at a Vgs of -0.4, Vds of 4V for first stage and Vds of 5V for second stage. The LNA is designed competitively for commercial product specification. The measured gain and noise figure of the completed amplifier was 20dB and 1dB, respectively. Also, input VSWR, P1dB and gain flatness was measured of 1.14 ~ l.3dB, 22.4dBm and $\pm$0.45dB, respectively. The designed LNA can be used for commercial product.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2C
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• pp.148-154
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• 2010

In this paper, we first review LDPC codes in general and a belief propagation algorithm that works in logarithm domain. LDPC codes, which is chosen 802.11n for wireless local access network(WLAN) standard are required a large number of computation due to large size of coded block and iteration. Therefore, we presented three kinds of low computational algorithm for LDPC codes. First, sequential decoding with partial group is proposed. It has same H/W complexity, and fewer number of iteration's are required at same performance in comparison with conventional decoder algorithm. Secondly, we have apply early stop algorithm. This method is reduced number of unnecessary iteration. Third, early detection method for reducing the computational complexity is proposed. Using a confidence criterion, some bit nodes and check node edges are detected early on during decoding. Through the simulation, we knew that the iteration number are reduced by half using subset algorithm and early stop algorithm is reduced more than one iteration and computational complexity of early detected method is about 30% offs in case of check node update, 94% offs in case of check node update compared to conventional scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 2006

To find a location, GPS has been wildly used. But, it is hard to use in indoor because of very weak signal level. To meet indoor requirements, there have been many studies applying wireless communication networks such as WLAN, UWB and ZigBee. Among these, ZigBee is widely adopted in many WSN applications because it has an advantage of low-power and low-cost. In ZigBee, the RSSI is used as range measurement for ad-hoc network. The RSSI are converted to ranges using the signal attenuation model and these ranges become inputs of positioning methods. The obtained position with RSSI has large error because of its poor accuracy. To overcome this problem, ultrasonic sensors are added in many researches. By measuring the arrival time difference of ZigBee and ultrasound as a range measurement, the precise position can be found. However, there are still many problems: scheduling of beacons to transmit signals in a correct order, addition and synchronization of beacons and low-rate positioning rate. At this paper, an efficient method to solve these problems is proposed. In the proposed method, a node transmits ZigBee and ultrasound signal simultaneously. And beacons find the range with the received signals and send it back to a node with ZigBee. The position is computed in a node with the received ranges. In addition, a new positioning algorithm to solve the risk of the divergence in the linearization method and the singularity problem in the Savarese method is presented. Both static and dynamic experimental results show 0.02m RMS errors with high output rate.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.677-685
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• 2017

Supply rate is very low because conventional smart system of streetlight management requires a lot of time and cost until now. In this paper, we demonstrated maintaining system for streetlight which uses LoRaWAN to solve following those reasons. Using LoRaWAN is subject to build long range and low power communication. Furthermore, it helps to make low initial and cost for maintenance. Detecting problem of streetlight in real time and controling streetlight based on situation and environment are additional benefits. This system on control part is carried by administrator in GUI environment. Finally, we verified the proposed system of performance for LoRaWAN communication and sensor accuracy.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.618-633
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• 2014

Relay technology is becoming more important for mobile communications and wireless internet of things (IoT) networking because of the extended access network coverage range and reliable quality of service (QoS) it can provide at low power consumption levels. Existing mobile multihop relay (MMR) technology uses fixed-point stationary relay stations (RSs) and a divided time-frame (or frequency-band) to support the relay operation. This approach has limitations when a local fixed-point stationary RS does not exist. In addition, since the time-frame (or frequency-band) channel resources are pre-divided for the relay operation, there is no way to achieve high channel utilization using intelligent opportunistic techniques. In this paper, a different approach is considered, where the use of mobile/IoT devices as RSs is considered. In applications that use mobile/IoT devices as relay systems, due to the very limited battery energy of a mobile/IoT device and unequal channel conditions to and from the RS, both minimum energy consumption and QoS support must be considered simultaneously in the selection and configuration of RSs. Therefore, in this paper, a mobile RS is selected and configured with the objective of minimizing power consumption while satisfying end-to-end data rate and bit error rate (BER) requirements. For the RS, both downlink (DL) to the destination system (DS) (i.e., IoT device or user equipment (UE)) and uplink (UL) to the base station (BS) need to be adaptively configured (using adaptive modulation and power control) to minimize power consumption while satisfying the end-to-end QoS constraints. This paper proposes a minimum transmission power consuming RS selection and configuration (MPRSC) scheme, where the RS uses cognitive radio (CR) sub-channels when communicating with the DS, and therefore the scheme is named MPRSC-CR. The proposed MPRSC-CR scheme is activated when a DS moves out of the BS's QoS supportive coverage range. In this case, data transmissions between the RS and BS use the assigned primary channel that the DS had been using, and data transmissions between the RS and DS use CR sub-channels. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MPRSC-CR scheme extends the coverage range of the BS and minimizes the power consumption of the RS through optimal selection and configuration of a RS.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.227-247
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• 2015

An X-band $8{\times}16$ dual-polarized active phased array antenna system has been implemented based on the substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) technology having low propagation loss, complete EM shielding, and high power handling characteristics. Compared with the microstrip case, 1 dB less is the measured insertion loss(0.65 dB) of the 16-way SIW power distribution network and doubled(3 dB improved) is the measured radiation efficiency(73 %) of the SIW sub-array($1{\times}16$) antenna element. These significant improvements of the power division loss and the radiation efficiency using the SIW, save more than 30 % of the total power consumption, in the active phased array antenna systems, through substantial reduction of the maximum output power(P1 dB) of the high power amplifiers. Using the X-band $8{\times}16$ dual-polarized active phased array antenna system fabricated by the SIW technology, the main radiation beam has been steered by 0, 5, 9, and 18 degrees in the accuracy of 2 degree maximum deviation by simply generating the theoretical control vectors. Performing thermal cycle and vacuum tests, we have found that the SIW array antenna system be eligible for the space environment qualification. We expect that the high efficiency SIW array antenna system be very effective for high performance radar systems, massive MIMO for 5G mobile systems, and various millimeter-wave systems(60 GHz WPAN, 77 GHz automotive radars, high speed digital transmission systems).

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 2003

In this paper. We tested and fabricated the error amplifier for the 15 Watt linear power amplifier for the IMT-2000 baseband station. The error amplifier was comprised of subtractor for detecting intermodulation distortion, variable attenuator for control amplitude, variable phase shifter for control phase, low power amplifier and high power amplifier. This component was designed on the RO4350 substrate and integrated the aluminum case with active biasing circuit. For suppression of spurious, the through capacitance was used. The characteristics of error amplifier measured up to 45 dB gain, $\pm$0.66 dB gain flatness and -15 dB input return loss. Results of application to the 15 Watt feedforward Linear Power Amplifier, the error amplifier improved with 27 dB cancellation from 34 dBc to 61 dBc IM$_3$.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.489-492
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• 2005

We report new polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (PSFLC) cells with mechanical stability which is achievable by introducing photospacers in the cells. It was found that the mechanical st ability of the PSFLC cell was effected by introduction of photo spacers. We analyzed the dependence of mechanical stability and memory property on the density of photospacers in the PSFLC cell. The stability and memory properties of PSFLC Cells depending on photospacer density are discussed. 1. Introduction Recently, flexible displays have attracted much attention because they have remarkable advantages: thinner, lighter, non-breakable and conformable features. Flexible displays have various potential applications such as e-book and e-paper displays utilizing the distinct features. E-book and E-paper displays demand very low power consumption, so that bistable memory liquid crystal modes are required in case of flexible plastic LCDs for those application. Three kinds of memory LC modes have been developed; bistable nematic, bistable cholesteric and bistable FLC. Among them SSFLC as one of bistable FLC has big advantages such as low driving voltage, wide view angle and fast response time, SSFLC cells are, however, very weak against mechanical shock. Polymer stabilized FLC (PSFLC) has been developed to overcome the poor mechanical stability of SSFLC. PSFLC was known to have network structure that FLCs are oriented with smectic layer ordering in polymer network. The polymer network stabilizes the FLC orientation, which leads to improvement of mechanical stability of PSFLCD. A lot of studies have been done for the application of PSFLC to flexible $LCDs.^{[1{\sim}12]}$ However, it should be noted that PSFLC does not have sufficient mechanical stability for the particular applications such as smart card LCD, where LCD is highly bendable.Bead spacer was mainly used to maintain cell gap of conventional PSFLCDs. But the spacer density of it is not locally uniform in the cell, so that it is generally difficult that the PSFLCDs with bead spacers show sufficient mechanical stability. In order to more improve the mechanical stability of PSFLCDs, we introduced photospacers into PSFLCDs. In this paper, we describe the improvement of mechanical stability by introducing photospacers into PSFLCDs.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2007

Recently, the demands for the satellite broadband mobile communication services are increased. To provide these services, mobile satellite communication systems for the passengers or crews on the high-speed moving vehicles, are being developed for the last several years especially in the Europe and North America. However, most of these systems can provide only several hundred kbps of transmission rate and this is not enough performance to provide satellite internet service for the group users such as passengers on the high-speed train. Moreover, service availability with these systems is limited to be rather low because they don't have any countermeasure scheme for the N-LOS environment which happens often along the railway. This paper describes mobile broadband satellite communication system, which is on the development, to provide high data-rate internet services to the high-speed trains. This system is applied with the inter-networking scenarios of both satellite/terrestrial network and satellite/gap-filler network so that it can provide seamless service even in the train operating environment, and these inter-networking schemes result in high service availability. And this system also has the countermeasure schemes, such as upper layer FEC and antenna diversity, for the short fading which is occurred periodically on the railway due to the power supplying structures so that it can provide high speed internet services. Mobile DVB-S2 technology which is now being standardized in the DVB is used for the forward-link transmission and DVB-RCS for the return-link.