• 재활간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1998

Defining prediction variables related to metamemory for the adults in aging process has worthwhile meaning from the perspective that the produced results can be helpful to reducing the difficulty of memorizing efforts and it can also enhance quality of life of aged. This study attempted to analysis relationship between perceived health status, depression, memory self-efficacy and meta memory for the subjects of middle age and old age adults. This study was designed by adopting descriptive correlational analysis method for the 468 middle and old age adults who are living in Seoul. Samples were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection was done over 1 month period in june 1998. The instruments used in this study were health status measuring scale including depression measuring scale, memory self efficacy measuring scale and metamemory measuring scale which were verified for reliability. Data collected were analized by using SPSS for frequency, Peason correlation, t-test and ANOVA according to the variables character and the study purposes. Results of the study were as follows. 1. Relationship between perceived health status, depression, memory self-efficacy and metamemory. Relational analyses between perceived health status, depression, memory self-efficacy and metamemory supported the hypotheses of 1st, 2nd and 3rd(p < .01). These results suggested that the aged perceived great health status then their memory self-efficacy, and metamemory showed the high scores. In the case of depression when its level became decreased metamemory was inclined to increased. Thus, it is identified that strong relationship exists between these variables. 2. Perceived health status, depression, memory self-efficacy by subject's general characteristics. Scores of perceived health status were high in the group of man compared to the group of women, and also highly educated group showed great perceived health status. Group of persons having occupation showed high score of perceived health status and low depression score. The score of memory self-efficacy and metamemory showed higher in the middle aged than the old aged. The high scores of memory self-efficacy and metamemory were found in the group of highly educated people and who have continuing education. The high scores of memory self-efficacy were found in the group of persons having their job and high metamemory scores found in the group of persons having religion. In summary, the greater perceived health status and memory self-efficacy, the more metamemory scores were likely increased and the more depression level was decreased, the more metamemory was likely increased. Also it was found that general characteristics like educational level, continuing education and religion influenced the metamemory of the aged. Therefore, prevention the aged from getting depression and activation of health promotion are needed to delay time of memory loss.

• 한국인구학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1993

Korea fertility level has dropped since the 1960's and speed of decline has accelerated in the 1980's. In the resuls, the growth rate reached to less then 1 percent in 1990 and will be $\ulcorner$0 $\lrcorner$ percent growth in 2021. The total population will increase to 50, 586 thousand persons in 2021 then will decrease. With the rapid fertility decline the age structure of Korean population has changed : while the proportion of child population aged 0-14 is decreasing sharply, that of old-age population aged 65 and over is increasing. Because of the recent increase of sex ratio at birth, the sex structure among the young generation has been destorted; the sex ratio at age 0-4 was as high as high as 112.0 in 1990. The effects of these population phenomena on Korean society are the followings: 1) Old age dependency ratio is increasing rapidly and continuously and will be about 40.0 from the 2050's. 2) Because of the rapid decline of the number of births, the absolute number of the major labour force at age 25-34 will decrease after around 2000 and then from the 2010's become less than that in 1990. 3) Since the large fertility defferentials by womens's educational level have continued and the relation between the educational levels of mothers and children are very strong, level has dropped among higher educated women first when the average fertility level has declined in Korea, the average educational level of the children is may be expected to be relatively low and then the future productivity is will be also low, which causes the decline of 'quality of population. 4) When the high sex ratio at birth (over 110 since 1986) continues, number of brides will be short by over 20 percent from the 2010s, which will bring various kinds of social prblems. Therefore, the counter measures in concrete to relieve the heavy problems are recommended as follows: 1) The extention of the birth intervals, which helps to drop the population growth rate at the same level of number of children per women. 2) The positive supports for out-migrants, which helps to reduce the population size without any destortion of age-sex structure. 3) The defferent supports of family planning for the higher and lower classes, which helps to reduce the gaps between different ferility levels of the classes and to keep and improve the quality of population. 4)population education for both students and adults, which helps to minimize the gap between the private and public requirements.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2023

본 연구는 초고령사회에서 겪을 수 있는 노인에 대한 경제적 배제를 논의하고 이를 극복하기 위해 사회관계망 확충을 통해 노인의 인간관계만족도를 향상시키는 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과, 첫째, 경제적 배제를 극복하고 인간만족도를 향상시키는 방법은 그 대상에 있어서 여성에 대한 관심이 높아야 된다는 것을 암시하고 있으며, 고연령층, 저학력층, 저소득층에 대한 경제적 배제의 극복이 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회관계망이 인간관계만족도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 여성일수록, 연령이 높을수록, 주소비처가 쇼핑일수록, 자녀와의 소통이 원활할수록 인간관계 만족도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사회관계에 대한 개선책이 요구된다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 경제적 배제가 인간관계 만족도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 여가활동이 친지 및 친척 방문일수록, 사회관계망 이용처가 유료시설일수록 인간관계 만족도가 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 여가활동과 사회관계망에 대한 개선책이 요구된다고 볼 수 있다. 넷째, 사회관계망의 매개효과를 조사한 결과, 소득영역에서의 배제, 노동시장의 배제, 주거복지의 배제를 항목으로 하는 독립변수인 경제적 배제가 종속변수인 인간관계만족도에 영향을 미치는 인과관계에서 사회관계망은 완전 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 경제적 배제와 사회관계망은 인간관계만족에 영향을 끼치며, 경제적 배제가 극복되어 사회관계망이 개선될 때 비로소 인간관계만족도는 향상되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.125-153
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• 2006

This study was intended to describe women's weight controlling by creating a hypothetic model on the weight adjustment behavior and by examining a cause and effect relationship, and to contribute to countermeasures for practicing their promotion of health and improving the quality of life through creating a predictable model. The subject of study was women who utilize the beauty shop located in Seoul, Busan and Daegu and the study period was 12 weeks from July 10 to September 30 in 2004. Gathered 1093 person's general specialty related with weight adjustment and analyzed covariance to prove the hypothesis using statistics compiled from authentic sources. Also proved coincidence of the hypothetical model. Exogenous variables of the hypothetical model are composed of recognition of her body shape, fatness level, age, stress, and self-respect. Endogenous variables are health- control mind, recognized health state, self-efficacy, intention, and behavior of weight adjustment. There were 5 measured variables for exogenous variable(x). There were 8 measured variable(y) for exogenous variable. And coincidence $x^2=297.38$, standard $x^2(x^2/df)=7.08$, GFI=0.962, AGFI=0.917, NFI=0.875, TLI=0.794, CFI=0.889, RMSEA=0.075. The result of hypothesis had an epoch-making record that 20 out of 27 hypothesis was proved positive way. Generally weight adjustment has been highly seen in housewives, the married and the old age. Health control mind seems to be high as fatness level, age, and self-respect are high and low stress. Recognized health state is high as age and self-respect are high and low stress. However, it is not much related with recognition of her body shape and fatness level. If age, self-respect, health control mind, recognized health state and self-efficacy are high intention of behavior is also high, but intention of behavior has no relation with recognition of her body shape, fatness level and stress. If fatness level, age, self-respect, health control mind, recognized health state and self-efficacy and intention of behavior are high, execution of weight adjustment will be high. However, recognized health state and stress has no influence for weight adjustment. To increase the coincidence of hypothesis and take a simple model I modified a model and then I got the coincidence $x^2=215.62$, standard $x^2(x^2/df)=6.34$, GFI=0.970, AGFI=0.931, NFI=0.902, TLI=0.901, CFI=0.915, RMSEA=0.070. This result is a bit better than original hypothetical model's so that this model might be more suitable. In this modification model, the factors of weight adjustment seems to be high according to this order self-efficacy, recognized health state, age, intention, health control mind, self-respect, fatness level and stress. With this result I suggest ; 1. Enforcement of IR that everybody can be controlled weight adjustment herself and continuous education, which is related with regular habit (food, exercise, restriction of a favorite food and behavior training etc.) is also needed. 2. Because self-efficacy is influenced to execution of weight adjustment specific program which can increase self-efficacy should have to develop and we need to utilize it to take care of herself. 3. To protect fatness and be active weight adjustment the peculiar program including the concept of self-respect, recognized health state, health control mind and intention must be developed and not only women but also all of people should be educated. 4. This hypothetical model is forecasting women's weight adjustment behavior and can be utilized for fundamental data to increase those people's health.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this research was to investigate the awareness of an adult on implants and the relevant factors which affect the satisfaction of a patient after an implant treatment. Methods : This study was conducted to 407 adult subjects in Seoul and Gyeonggi. A total of 384 data were analyzed except the questionnaires having poor responses or errors. Results : The acquaintance route of implant was TV advertisements, self-knowledge, internet, news, and newspapers. Dentist's ability to practice implant was the most important factor in patient's choice. The responents answered the expected lifespan of an implant was more than 5 years to 10 years. In terms of dental health management behavior on implants, the average response of the highest 4.07 points of 5 Likert scale. Generally women are more concerned with implant than men(p<0.01). The highly educated and elderly patients had tendency to receive more treatment(p<0.0001). Patients were more satisfactory after receiving regular checkups after treatment(p<0.05). The low expenses of implant satisfied the patients(p<0.05). Conclusions : As implant technology advances, the concern of patients on implants also increase. So reduction of cost can make the patients have access to the dentist and the patients' oral health must be improved through continuous dental care.

• Journal of Endocrine Surgery
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2018

Purpose: The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the course of anxiety and depression in thyroidectomy. The second objective was to investigate the association between somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms, and the final objective was to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors that affect psychiatric morbidity. Methods: This prospective study, 101 patients who were admitted to the Endocrine Surgery Clinic of the Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, with thyroid pathology were included in the study. Data were collected before surgery, and in the early, and late periods after surgery. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview form, a visual analogue scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: The average scores of anxiety and depression before surgery were statistically significantly higher compared with the early and late periods after surgery (P<0.001). Psychological morbidity was identified about 10% of patients before surgery and remained after thyroidectomy. A poor positive correlation founded between somatic symptoms and psychological condition in period surgery (P<0.05). Various sociodemographic features and psychosocial parameters affected anxiety and depression level (P<0.05). Conclusion: Anxiety and depression level in thyroid diseases decreased after thyroidectomy. These patients may express psychologic distress through somatic symptoms. Screening of psychological morbidity is suggested in patients planned thyroid surgery, especially in women, low-educated, inadequate social support, attributed to psychological causes.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.79-108
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• 2017

이 글은 "한국노동패널조사" 2003년~2015년 자료를 이용해 우리나라 지역별 노조 조직률 변화가 같은 지역 미조직 노동자들의 임금에 미치는 영향을 추정한다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노동조합은 비조합원 평균 임금에 상당히 크고 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미친다. 지역 내 노조 조직률이 10% 포인트 상승하면 같은 지역 비조합원 평균 임금은 약 5% 증가한다. 둘째, 이러한 긍정적 효과는 파급범위가 넓다. 여성, 청년, 저학력, 비정규직, 서비스업, 중소기업 노동자 등 노동시장 취약집단 비조합원의 임금도 지역 내 노조 조직률로부터 긍정적 영향을 받는다. 셋째, 비조합원의 경우와 달리 노조 조합원 평균 임금은 지역 내 노조 조직률 변화에 민감하게 반응하지 않는다. 우리나라 임금노동자 중 노조 조합원 비율은 10%, 비조합원 비율은 90%이다. 이 글의 추정 결과는 우리나라 대다수 노동자의 임금에 큰 영향을 미치는 노동시장 제도적 요인을 규명한다는 점에서 중요한 함의가 있다. 우리나라 비노조 부문의 저임금이 노동조합 때문이라는 사회 일각의 주장은 실증적으로 타당하지 않다. 오히려 그간의 노조 조직률 하락으로 인해 비노조 부문 노조 결성 위협이 감소하고 노동조합의 일반적 노동 표준 제고 기능이 약화되면서 노조 조합원보다 비조합원이 더 큰 임금 손실을 입었을 가능성이 높다. "노조할 권리"를 보장하고 확대하는 전략은, 한편으로는 조합 내부에서 자신의 권리를 보호받는 노동자 비율을 높임으로써, 다른 한편으로는 조합 외부 미조직 노동자들의 노동조건에도 긍정적 파급효과를 미침으로써, 우리 경제 일자리의 전반적 질을 개선하는 데 기여할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 도시 저소득층 여성을 대상으로 비만 및 영양소 섭취 부족과 관련된 사회경제적 요인을 분석하고자 했다. 대상자는 저소득층 가구를 대상으로 한 무료건강검진센터를 방문한 여성 중 연구 참여에 동의한 $41{\sim}87$세 125명의 여성이었다. 대상자들의 72%가 초등학교 이하의 교육, 70%가 50만원 미만의 수입, 68%가 집을 소유하지 않고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대상자들을 65세 미만, 이상으로 나누어 봤을 때 65세 미만군의 비만유병율은 BMI (${\geq}\;25kg/m^2$) 기준으로 44%, WHR (${\geq}$ 0.85) 기준으로 48%, 허리둘레 (${\geq}$ 80 cm) 기준으로 50%이었다. 65세 이상군에서 는 이보다 높아 BMI (${\geq}\;25\;kg/m^2$) 기준 57%, WHR (${\geq}$ 0.85) 기준 81%, 허리둘레 (${\geq}$ 80 cm) 기준으로 79%였다. 대상자는 주로 채소류, 곡류, 과일류를 많이 섭취했다. 모든 대상자에서 열량 및 영양소 섭취 상태는 대체적으로 불량했고 특히 65세 이상 노인에서 더욱 불량한 것으로 나타나 여자노인에서 EAR을 충족시키지 못하는 비율은 철을 제외한 모든 영양소에서 50% 이상이었다. 대부분의 대상자들의 영양소 섭취량은 RI 수준에 미치지 못했고 그러한 사람의 비율은 65세 미만의 경우 단백질과 Vitamin $B_6$ 제외한 65세 이상에서는 모든 영양소에서 50% 이상이었다. 65세 미만에서는 비만 및 영양불량과 사회경제적 지표와의 관련성이 없었다. 그러나 65세 이상에서 비만의 경우 수입과 영양불량의 경우 학력과 집소유 여부와 관련이 있었다. 따라서, 65세 이상에서 연령을 보정한 후에, 사회경제적 수준에 따른 비만 및 영양부족의 위험도를 살펴본 결과, BMI 기준 비만의 위험도 (OR = 12.601; 95% CI = 2.338-67.911)와 WC 기준 복부 비만의 위험도(OR = 4.778; 95% CI = 1.103-20.696)는 월평균 가구 수입 50만원 미만인 군에서 그 이상인 군보다 높았다. 영양섭취불량의 경우, 교육 수준이 낮은 사람들 (무학)에게서 Vitamin A (OR = 4.555; 95% CI = 1.491-13.914)를 EAR보다 적게 섭취할 위험이 높았고 자기 집을 소유하지 않은 사람의 경우, 단백질 (OR = 3.660; 95% CI = 1.118-11.981), 인 (OR = 3.428; 95% CI = 1.157-10.158), 철분 (OR = 3.765; 95% CI = 1.205-11.766)섭취가 EAR보다 부족할 위험이 집을 소유한 사람들보다 높았다. 저소득층 노인여성에서 사회경제적 수준은 비만 (소득수준) 및 영양불량 [교육수준 (Vitamin A), 자가집 소유 여부(단백질, 인, 철)] 위험과 관련이 있는 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 이러한 여성들의 비만 및 영양불량을 예방하기 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2005

Objective : To estimate the magnitude of psychosocial distress and examine eligible factors associated with the development of psychosocial distress in Korean employees, using a nationwide sample. Methods : A total of 6,977 workers were recruited from 245 companies. A structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, job characteristics, social support at work, personality traits (locus of control, type A behavior pattern), self-esteem, and psychosocial distress. Results : The results showed that 23 % of workers were categorized as high stress, 73% as moderate, and 5% as normal. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that psychosocial distress was more common in younger workers, both male and female. Regular exercise was negatively associated with increase of psychosocial distress. In job characteristics, as expected, low decision latitude, high job insecurity, and low social support at work were related to high psychosocial distress. Personality traits such as locus of control and type A behavior pattern, and self-esteem were more powerful predictors of psychosocial distress than general characteristics, health-related behavior, and job characteristics. There were some gender differences. While men who are less educated and single (unmarried, divorced, and separated) experienced higher levels of psychosocial distress than those who are educated and married, women who feel high job demand experienced higher levels of psychosocial distress than those who feel low job demand. Conclusions : The proportion of the high stress group was higher than expected, and psychosocial factors like social support and personality characteristics (e. g. locus of control, type A behavior pattern and self-esteem) were more significant factors for psychosocial distress than other variables. This finding suggests that some psychosocial factors, especially inadequate social support, low self-esteem and lack of internal locus of control for the development of psychosocial distress, will also operate as an intervention strategy in the worksite stress reduction program. It is strongly required that worksite stress reduction programs should be established in at both occupational and level as well as in individual levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.