• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.501-506
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• 2016

BACKGROUNG/OBJECTIVES: Corn silk (CS) extract contains large amounts of maysin, which is a major flavonoid in CS. However, studies regarding the effect of CS extract on cholesterol metabolism is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CS extract on cholesterol metabolism in C57BL/6J mouse fed high-fat diets. MATERIALS/METHODS: Normal-fat group fed 7% fat diet, high-fat (HF) group fed 25% fat diet, and high-fat with corn silk (HFCS) group were orally administered CS extract (100 mg/kg body weight) daily. Serum and hepatic levels of total lipids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol as well as serum free fatty acid, glucose, and insulin levels were determined. The mRNA expression levels of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), low-density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hyroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ were determined. RESULTS: Oral administration of CS extract with HF improved serum glucose and insulin levels as well as attenuated HF-induced fatty liver. CS extracts significantly elevated mRNA expression levels of adipocytokines and reduced mRNA expression levels of HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, and FXR. The mRNA expression levels of CYP7A1 and LCAT between the HF group and HFCS group were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: CS extract supplementation with a high-fat diet improves levels of adipocytokine secretion and glucose homeostasis. CS extract is also effective in decreasing the regulatory pool of hepatic cholesterol, in line with decreased blood and hepatic levels of cholesterol though modulation of mRNA expression levels of HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, and FXR.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.770-780
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chitosan and NOCC from different sources and of different molecular weights on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were blocked into 26 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400 ppm in diet. Various chitosan and NOCC sources were given at the level of 0%(w/w) of diet. Total serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were little affected by chitosan and NOCC supplements. However, HDL-cholesterol concentration and HDL : total cholesterol ratio were increased , and liver lipid, cholesterol , and triglyceride concentration were decreased by chitosan and NOCC supplements. The cholesterol and lipid lowering activity depends on fiber sources(crab and shrimp); type (chitosan and NOCC); and molecular weight(low , medium , and high). Among cadmium-free groups, chitosan-fed groups showed greater activity than NOCC -fed groups in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels, and greater fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. Crab chitosans were more effective in cholesterol and lipid lowering activity than shrimp chitosans. The group fed high molecular weight crab chitosan showed the highest fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. This indicated that high molecular weight crab chitosan was most effective in interfering with cholesterol and lipid absorption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 1988

This study was done to determine the effects of coix on the content of cholesterol. lipids, phosphoilpids, total bile acids in liver, plasma, and feces of rats fed containing 1% cholesterol. Four groups of experimental diets, such as soybean oil-starch diet, soybean oil-coix diet, lard-starch diet, lard-coix diet were fed ad libitum to the 6 weeks old white male rat of Spargue-Dawley strain for 27 days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Plasma cholesterol level of the lard-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05), and that of the lard-coix group was the lowest. The content of plasma triglyceride, total bile acids was not different among the lard-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups(p<0.05). 2) The contents of the liver lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides of the lard-coix group were significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). The contents of phospholipid of the liver of the lard-starch group was significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05), and those of the soybean oil-coix group and the lard-coix group were high. 3) The contents of intestinal lipids, triglyceride, and phospholipid of the lard-coix group were significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). The contents of the intestinal tissue cholesterol of the lard-coix group was significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). 4) Cholesterol content of the feces was not different among the experimental groups. Triglyceride content of the feces of the soybean oil-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups, but total bile acid content of the feces was not different among the experimental groups. 5) Dry matter digestibility was not different among the experimental groups, but cholesterol retention was rather low when soybean oil-diet was fed. The results of this study reveales that coix has an effect to lower the plasma cholesterol level. Coix were decreased the content of liver cholesterol, increased the contend of liver phospholipid, and induced triglyceride excretion of the feces in the lard diet which lead to hypercholesterolemia. It could be suggested that the coix has influesced liped metabolsim in body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1993

To evaluate an effect of dietary protein on lipoprotein profile serum of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, carbon tetrachloride (50% in olive oil) was twice given at 0.1ml/100g body weight at intervals of 24hours to the male rats and then the degree of liver damage in carbon tetrachloride-treated animals fed a low protein diet was compared with that fed a high protein diet. The increasing rate of liver weight/body weight and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats to the control group were higher in rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. In the serum levels of lipid (total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride) remarkable differences were not found between low protein diet group and high protein diet group. But these serum lipids in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats were decreased and the decreasing rate of serum lipids to control group were higher in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. Under the animal model as identified by the present data herein, serum pre $\beta$-lipoprotein and $\alpha$-lipoprotein fractions were decreased in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, but the serum levels of $\beta$-lipoprotein were rather increased in the both group by the injection of carbon tetrachloride. Especially, the decreasing rate of $\alpha$-lipoprotein fraction was higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed a high protein diet than those fed a low protein diet to its control group and the increasing rate of serum $\beta$-lipoprotein fraction was also higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.825-831
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the effect on weight control and changes in serum glucose, total protein , GPT, GOT , cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, and phosphorus contents of seventeen overweight female college students during experimental periods [before grape diet(0 day-, after grape diet (3 day), after control diet(3 day), after normal diet(30 day)]. The mean weight, height , BMI, and Rohrer index of the subjects at the onset of the study was 58.91$\pm$5.22kg, 159.94$\pm$6.01cm, 22.96$\pm$1.17, and 20.06$\pm$1.48 respectively. During the study subjects, conducted grape diets, control diets, and normal diets to control their weight. They analyzed their changes in anthrophometric variables. The mean weight was significantly decreased from 58.29$\pm$7.85kg to 57.2$\pm$8.23kg after normal diet(p<0.05). Therefore BMI (body mass index) and Rohrer index was also significantly decreased after experimental periods. The analysis of dietary intake showed that the grape diet induced unbalanced low nutrient intake, but the intake of total calories and other nutrients were almost recovered their onset of the study during control and normal diets. The concentration of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride GOT, and GTP were significantly(p<0.05) decreased and significantly(p<0.05) increased again during experimental periods. Calcium concentrations were not affected by grape diet, but phosphorus concentration was significantly reduced after grape and control diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 1982

The effect of dietary protein on growth and lipid levels of plasma and liver was studied in weanling male rats fed diets differing protein sources and amino acid balance. Rats were devided into 9 experimental diets which were grouped into 3 categories ; 1) Simple protein category includes gluten-, soy protein isolate-, and casein-containing diet groups, 2) Supplemented category includes casein supplemented with methionine, soy protein isolate supplemented with methionine, and gluten supplemented with lysine and methionine, 3) Mixed protein category includes diet groups containing gluten (2/3), casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (2/3) and casein (1/3), and casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (1/3) and gluten (1/3). The experimental diets composed of 15% protein, 65.8% carbohydrate, 10% fat and 1% cholesterol. The body wt. gain and P.E.R. were greater in rats of supplemented and mixed protein groups than simple protein groups. No statistical differences were found in plasma cholesterol among gluten, soy protein isolate and casein groups. Consumption of diets supplemented with limiting amino acid to gluten or soy protein isolate reduced the plasma cholesterol level by 23.2% and 34.2% respectively. However there was no difference between casein and the supplemented casein groups. The mixed protein groups shows relatively high plasma cholesterol concentration and low liver cholesterol levels. On the other hand gluten group showed low plasma cholesterol and high liver cholesterol levels, which means body cholesterol pool may not have been changed by the dietary protein. Feeding soy protein meal and the supplemented soy protein isolate resulted in lower plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, liver cholesterol and liver triglycerides levels. This hypolipidemic effect is considered to see unique to soy protein isolate. Rats in gluten and the supplemented gluten groups showed lower plasma protein levels and a tendency of fatty liver.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2010

Dietary karaya saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus (R. capsulatus) are known to have hypocholesterolemic actions, as reported in our previous studies. This study examined possible synergistic hypocholesterolemic effects of karaya saponin and R. capsulatus in broilers. A total of 150 broilers were allocated into 10 treatments: control, saponin 25 mg, saponin 50 mg, saponin 75 mg, saponin 25 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g, saponin 25 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g, saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g, saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g, saponin 75 mg+R. capsulatus 0.2 g and saponin 75 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g. Feed intake and feed efficiency were improved when karaya saponin and R. capsulatus were synergistically supplemented in the diet. Combinations of karaya saponin, especially supplementation of karaya saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g were shown to have potential hypolipidemic actions in breast and thigh muscle cholesterol and triglycerides, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as improved high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (p<0.05). Compared to the control, almost all the treatments significantly increased serum, liver and fecal concentrations of bile acids (p<0.05). Supplementation of both karaya saponin (75 mg) and saponin 50 mg+R. capsulatus 0.4 g reduced palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in a similar fashion (p<0.05). The ratios of PUFA:SFA or PUFA+MUFA:SFA in the thigh and breast muscle of broilers were greater in karaya saponin and R. capsulatus supplemented groups than in the control group. Thus, our study concluded that supplementation of karaya saponin synergistically with R. capsulatus in the diet of broilers is an effective way to obtain low-cholesterol, low-triglyceride and high HDL-cholesterol enriched poultry meat with a unique fatty acid balance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Changes in nutritional status during gestation and lactation have detrimental effects on offspring metabolism. Several animal studies have shown that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) can predispose the offspring to development of obesity and metabolic diseases, however the mechanisms underlying these transgenerational effects are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the effect of maternal HFD consumption on metabolic phenotype and hepatic expression of involved genes in dams to determine whether any of these parameters were associated with the metabolic outcomes in the offspring. MATERIALS/METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD: 10% calories from fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD: 45% calories from fat) for three weeks before mating, and during pregnancy and lactation. Dams and their male offspring were studied at weaning. RESULTS: Dams fed an HFD had significantly higher body and adipose tissue weights and higher serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels than dams fed an LFD. Hepatic lipid levels and mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including $LXR{\alpha}$, SREBP-2, FXR, LDLR, and ABCG8 were significantly changed by maternal HFD intake. Significantly lower total liver DNA and protein contents were observed in dams fed an HFD, implicating the disturbed liver adaptation in the pregnancy-related metabolic demand. HFD feeding also induced significant oxidative stress in serum and liver of dams. Offspring of dams fed an HFD had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels, which were negatively correlated with liver weights of dams and positively correlated with hepatic lipid peroxide levels in dams. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal HFD consumption induced metabolic dysfunction, including altered liver growth and oxidative stress in dams, which may contribute to the disturbed cholesterol homeostasis in the early life of male mice offspring.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2014

Objectives : Samhwangsasim-tang (SHSST) is a traditional Korean medication, which has been used in Korea for treatment of hypertension and chest pain. Hyperlipidemia and inflammation could influence hypertension and chest pain. This study investigated whether and how SHSST reduces the hyperlipidemia and inflammation related to high-cholesterol diet-induced obesity in rats. Methods : Mice were divided randomly into four groups: the normal diet group, high-cholesterol diet group, low dose treatment group supplemented with 30% ethanol extract of SHSST (L) and high dose treatment group supplemented with 80% ethanol extract of SHSST (H). L and H groups were orally administered with SHSST at the dose of 50mg/kg a day respectively and others were administered with the same volume of physiological saline. Results : Administration of SHSST resulted in a decrease in serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Expression of hepatic genes(SREBP2, LXR, LDLR, and HMG-CoA) related with cholesterol metabolism was also suppressed. In addition, SHSST decreased the expression of inflammation-related gene (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TGF-${\beta}1$ and fibronectin). Histological examinations also showed that the size of the adipocytes was smaller in the SHSST treated group than in the high-colesterol diet group. In an in vitro study, SHSST inhibited the production of nitric oxide in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions : This study indicates that SHSST has anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-inflammatory effects. It may also suggest that SHSST may be alternative therapy for treatment of hyperlipidemia and its complications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.425-435
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• 2024

Schisandra chinensis extract (SCE) protects against hypocholesterolemia by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) protein stabilization. We hypothesized that the hypocholesterolemic activity of SCE can be attributable to upregulation of the PCSK9 inhibition-associated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Male mice were fed a low-fat diet or a Western diet (WD) containing SCE at 1% for 12 weeks. WD increased final body weight and blood LDL cholesterol levels as well as alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase expression. However, SCE supplementation significantly attenuated the increase in blood markers caused by WD. SCE also attenuated WD-mediated increases in hepatic LDLR protein expression in the obese mice. In addition, SCE increased LDLR protein expression and attenuated cellular PCSK9 levels in HepG2 cells supplemented with delipidated serum (DLPS). Non-toxic concentrations of schisandrin A (SA), one of the active components of SCE, significantly increased LDLR expression and tended to decrease PCSK9 protein levels in DLPS-treated HepG2 cells. High levels of SA-mediated PCSK9 attenuation was not attributable to reduced PCSK9 gene expression, but was associated with free PCSK9 protein degradation in this cell model. Our findings show that PCSK9 secretion can be significantly reduced by SA treatment, contributing to reductions in free cholesterol levels.