• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2013

This study investigated the bond characteristics of embedded deformed steel bar in donut type biaxial hollow slabs. The donut type hollow sphere make concrete inner cover formed between steel bar and hollow sphere due to the hollow shape and arrangement. Generally, inner cover was thinner than outer cover, and some part of donut type biaxial hollow slab has smaller inner cover thickness than $2.5d_b$. It was affected to the bond condition of deformed bar. Furthermore, inner cover thickness changes along the longitudinal deformed bar due to hollow shape. Therefore, donut type hollow slab was divided 3 regions according to the hollow shape such as insufficient region, transition region, sufficient region. Pull-out test were performed to find out the effect of bond condition by the region. Main parameters are inner cover thickness, embedded length and bond location. Bond characteristics of donut type biaxial hollow slab were confirmed through comparison of bond stress-slip relationship, maximum bond strength and bond stress distribution of each regions. And the calculation method of bond strength of donut type biaxial hollow slab was suggested based on the test results.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

Objectives : Middle aged women with depression often experience hot flush symptoms. It is still unclear about the association between depression and hot flush symptoms. Therefore, we investigated hormonal profile, functional somatic symptoms, coping styles and attitude for menopause between depressed women with hot flush and those without hot flush. Methods : This study included 33 depressed patients with hot flush symptoms and 33 depressed patients without hot flush symptoms. Hot flush was confirmed through prospective daily symptom ratings for a week. Subjects' coping styles were assessed by the stress coping checklist. Somatic symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-15(PHQ-15). Sex hormonal levels were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. The Brief World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument(WHOQOL-BREF) was used to evaluate quality of life. Results : In coping style, depressed women with hot flush symptoms used less 'problem-centered coping'($13.15{\pm}3.17$) and 'search for social support'($11.83{\pm}2.84$) than those without hot flush symptoms($15.17{\pm}3.1$, p=0.028 ; $14.25{\pm}3.22$, p=0.009 ; respectively). Depressed women with hot flush symptoms showed more negative attitude toward post-menopause, but its statistical significance was marginally insufficient(p=0.059). We did not find any group differences in sex hormonal levels and somatic complaints assessed by the PHQ-15. The score of social relationship domain of WHOQOL-BREF was significantly lower in subjects with hot flush symptoms($8.62{\pm}2.04$) than subjects without hot flush symptoms($9.71{\pm}1.65$ ; p=0.044). Conclusions : Among middle aged women with depression, the manifestation of hot flush symptoms was associated with coping styles and attitude for menopausal transition. Hot flush symptoms in depressed women negatively influence quality of life, so clinicians actively perform therapeutic approach in case of depressed patients with hot flush symptoms. In case of depressed patients who present hot flushes, cognitive behavior therapy or stress management might be an effective treatment option in company with antidepressants or hormonal treatment. Later, longitudinal study will be needed to evaluate risk factor, cause and effect associated with hot flush and depression.